Tlr4 and Pi3k/Akt Pathway Activation: New Approach for Cancer Detection

Abstract

Cancer is not just one disease, but a large group of almost 100 diseases. Its two main characteristics are uncontrolled growth of the cells in the human body and the ability of these cells to move about from the original site and extend to distant sites. If the spread is not controlled, cancer can result in death 1 . What difficult is its detection in our body and if it can be detected earlier there is possible treatment with the help of complete removal of tumor. On the other side toll like receptors (TLRs) are family of receptor responsible for detection of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and result in induction of immune response. In various studies over-expression of Akt (serine/threonine protein kinase) phosphorylation has been found in various kinds of cancerous cells when encounter of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with TLR4 happened. We can identify these changes and move further toward the possible detection. Over-expression of Akt phosphorylation may have possible role for cancer detection in future.KEY WORDS: TLR4 and PI3K/AKT pathway, Cancer.

Electrochemistry-based approaches to low cost, high sensitivity, automated, multiplexed protein immunoassays for cancer diagnostics

“…1 Levels of these molecules are representative of changes occurring in the basic cell regulatory functions and cellular physiology, such as cell division or contact inhibition, and may vary from their normal levels in case of diseases and disorders. 2 Cancer is one of the best examples of impaired cell functioning where cells lose their basic regulation and become dysplastic and neoplastic.…”

“…The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) defines biomarkers as "molecules that can be objectively measured and evaluated as indicators of normal or disease processes and pharmacologic responses to therapeutics". 1 The levels of these molecules are representative of changes occurring in the basic cell regulatory functions and cellular physiology, such as cell division or contact inhibition, and may vary from their normal levels in cases of diseases and disorders. 2 Cancer is one of the best examples of impaired cell functioning where cells lose their basic regulation and become dysplastic and neoplastic.…”

Aptamer-based biosensing through the mapping of encoding upconversion nanoparticles for sensitive CEA detection

“…1,2 Early diagnosis is crucial for many cancers. [3][4][5] If biomarkers of cancers can be detected in the early stages, many tumors can be reset and the corresponding treatments will be more efficacious. For example, prostate-specific antigens can be used for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.…”

Review—Recent Advances in Electrochemical Detection of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) in Clinically-Relevant Samples

“…1 Biomarkers are measurable biologically-relevant indicators, which are expressed in either increased or suppressed levels due to the presence of a disease. 2 The fluctuation of biomolecular markers such as proteins and nucleic acids from normal physiological levels found in healthy humans is used for the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of diseases such as cancer, and has formed the foundation for developing clinical diagnostic tests. 3 Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most life-threatening diseases for men over the age of 50 with the lethality being ascribed to the lack of symptoms that are expressed in early stages.…”