“…TNFSF cytokines can also regulate neuronal activity and drive inflammatory responses in a range of tissue structural cells, including epithelial cells and fibroblasts. These insights have led to intensive efforts to treat other inflammatory diseases through TNF neutralization, and multiple TNF-blocking agents (such as adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab and infliximab) are now approved for diseases such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, spondylarthropathies, inflammatory bowel disease and uveitis 7,8 (TABLE 1). Investigations into the targeting of other TNFSF members have led to a number of clinical trials in different diseases and resulted in the successful development of belimumab, an antibody against B cell activating factor (BAFF, also known as TNFSF13B), and denosumab, an antibody targeting receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL, also known as TNFSF11), for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and osteoporosis, respectively 9–11 .…”