2006
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2005.10.011
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TNFα-induced MMP-9 promotes macrophage recruitment into injured peripheral nerve

Abstract: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an extracellular protease that is induced hours after injury to peripheral nerve. This study shows that MMP-9 gene deletion and neutralization with MMP-9 antibody reduce macrophage content in injured wild-type nerves. In mice with delayed Wallerian degeneration (Wld S ), MMP-9 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) decline in association with the reduced macrophage recruitment to injured nerve that characterizes this strain of mice. We further determined that TNFα acts as … Show more

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Cited by 148 publications
(165 citation statements)
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“…The macrophages begin clearing myelin from the distal stump within the first few days [36][37][38] and continue to clear myelin and axonal debris for two weeks. These macrophages are mainly of hematogenous origin [39,40] . Understanding the key factors that regulate rapid macrophage responses to nerve injury during WD, and comparing the gene-expression differences in the injured nerves, may provide insights into methods for slowing WD [41,42] .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The macrophages begin clearing myelin from the distal stump within the first few days [36][37][38] and continue to clear myelin and axonal debris for two weeks. These macrophages are mainly of hematogenous origin [39,40] . Understanding the key factors that regulate rapid macrophage responses to nerve injury during WD, and comparing the gene-expression differences in the injured nerves, may provide insights into methods for slowing WD [41,42] .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Axons begin to grow into the distal endoneurial tubes 1 week after nerve injury [6,39,45] ; Schwann cell/axon contacts are re-established and remyelination occurs at about 2 weeks; and the proper target tissues are reinnervated at about 4 weeks after sciatic nerve injury. In this process, a large number of genes with marked up-or down-regulation were differentially expressed, indicating sustained regulation at consecutive time points, meaning regeneration/repair by means of a continuously progressive program [4,10,35] .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The addition of TNF to the cultures increased the levels of MMP production, reinforcing this hypothesis. TNF-␣ induces MMP-9 expression in many systems (24,38), while MMP-9 has the ability to activate TNF-␣ release from its membrane precursor (43). Endogenous TNF-␣ stimulates MMP-9 gene transcription in monocytes through NF-B activation (3), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors were able to downregulate MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression (24).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…One of the functions of TNF-α during Wallerian degeneration has been suggested to be the induction of macrophage recruitment for debris removal (Liefner et al, 2000). TNF-α-induced matrix metalloproteinase activity has also been shown to promote macrophage recruitment into injured nerves during delayed axonal degeneration (Shubayev et al, 2006). Indeed, TNF-α knockout mice exhibit slower macrophage migration into the injured nerve and delayed myelin clearance during Wallerian degeneration (Liefner et al, 2000).…”
Section: Interplay Of Tnf-α Signaling With Other Cellular Events Assomentioning
confidence: 99%