To inhale or not to inhale: Conditioned avoidance in breathing behavior in an odor—20% CO2 paradigm

Resistance to extinction in an odor–20% CO2 inhalation paradigm: Further evidence for a symptom learning account of multiple chemical sensitivity

“…[31]) did not correspond consistently to the learning effects on subjective reports as described here. Individual differences to cope with the fear-evoking respiratory challenge showed up in breathing behavior, causing discrepancies among the physiological and self-report measures.…”

“…For a more detailed description of the technical aspects, we refer to previous studies [9,10,13]. Breathing data have been reported in a separate paper [31] and will not be included here. 3 Procedure Upon arrival at the laboratory, participants received printed information about the purpose and possible adverse effects of the experiment.…”

Odors eliciting fear: A conditioning approach to Idiopathic Environmental Intolerances

“…There are similarities with Fannes et al (2008) in the sense that an inspection of their Fig. 2 reveals that across three presentations of the CSþ odor minute ventilation in ml/min measured over three 10 s windows first declines and then invariably increases over the last 10 s window.…”

The impact of harmfulness information on citric acid induced cough and urge-to-cough

“…Finally, the threatening information about the inhaled cough-inducing substances may have caused a change in breathing behavior or cardiovascular parameters. Feed-forward regulations of breathing behavior have been shown in response to anticipated breathing discomfort [38,39], and may have caused differences in the amount of citric acid in the airways. Furthermore, changes in cardiovascular parameters, such as blood pressure can occur in response to acute threat and may alter cough reflex sensitivity [40,41].…”