To see or not to see: Investigating the links between patient visibility and potential moderators affecting the patient experience

Healthcare Design Metrics for Human-Centric Building Analytics

“…The existing studies on the design of inpatient units show how visibility to patients from nurses' work areas is associated with patient outcomes including patient falls (Bosch et al, 2016;Calkins et al, 2012;Choi, 2011;Vassallo et al, 2000), mortality rates (Leaf et al, 2010;Lu et al, 2014) and patient satisfaction (Bosch et al, 2016). Patient visibility from nurse stations, staff work areas, and corridors impacts opportunities for direct patient care and observation (Bosch et al, 2016;Lu & Zimring, 2012).…”

“…Although patient visibility is usually used as a general term, various metrics have been defined to measure it across different studies including patient head visibility from nurse stations and corridors (Bosch et al, 2016;Choi, 2011), patient bed visibility from nurse stations (Leaf et al, 2010;Vassallo et al, 2000), visibility of upper third part of the bed from nurse stations (Calkins et al, 2012), field of view from patient head (Lu et al, 2014), patient bed visibility across the entire unit (targeted visibility) (Lu & Zimring, 2012), visual connectivity of patient rooms, visual step depth of assigned patient rooms (Heo et al, 2009), and Isovistminute, a spatiotemporal metric that measures real surveillance by including the actual occupancy of the space (Gomez-Z., P., 2017; Gomez-Z. P. et al, 2019).…”

The Impact of Facility Layout on Worker Behavior: An Empirical Study of Nurses in the Emergency Department

“…Similarly, Tucker (2004) observed nurses across multiple hospitals to describe the impact of operational failure on their work. Studies on hospital facility layout in the healthcare architecture literature have utilized provider survey data to compare the impact of nurse-patient visibility (Bosch et al 2016) and ward layout (Hua et al 2012) on patient satisfaction and length of stay (Soriano-Meier et al…”

Key Spatial Factors Influencing the Perceived Privacy in Nursing Units: An Exploration Study With Eight Nursing Units in Hong Kong

“…While staff members realize patients need privacy, they also value the ability to see and hear patients to ensure their safety and well-being. The designer, then, has the difficult task of creating an environment that strikes the right balance between privacy and accessibility (Bosch et al, 2016). There are different types of privacy.…”