To what extent did changes in temperature affect China's socioeconomic development from the Western Han Dynasty to the Five Dynasties period?

Abstract

Analysing the contribution of climate and non‐climate change factors to social development and the occurrence of historical events represents important research on the impact of climate change. This study identifies combinations of social subsystem indices affected by temperature changes using the conceptual framework of food security, a priori knowledge and logical reasoning to statistically analyse three 10‐year data series (grain harvest grades, famine indices and economic levels) from the Western Han Dynasty to the Five Dynasties period of ancient China (210 bc to 960 ad). The results are as follows. For 94 of the 118 decades in the study period, social development was relatively directly related to temperature effects. On a decadal scale, against a cold background, grain production was closely related to temperature conditions in 40.7% of all decades. Economic prosperity and depressions in 5.1 and 21.2% of these decades, respectively, were directly related to temperature effects. Against a warm background, grain production was closely related to temperature conditions in 39% of all decades. Economic prosperity and depressions in 22 and 8.5% of these decades, respectively, were directly related to the temperature effects. The century and decadal‐scale characteristics were the same. Specifically, when mostly negative combinations of natural–socioeconomic factors dominated, the proportion of decades was slightly higher in cold than in warm periods. This case study enables a scientific understanding of the effect of changes in mean climate values/trends on social development and further demonstrates the different effects of the climate change process and mechanism. Climate cooling and warming may bring more positive than negative impacts in some regions and more negative than positive impacts in others. Complex feedback may amplify or reduce the impact of climate cooling and warming. Climate that evolves unfavourably has an impact more strongly correlated with the socioeconomic system's vulnerability and adaptability. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Spatio-temporal variations of the major meteorological disasters and its response to climate change in Henan Province during the past two millennia

“…4B , the period of dynastic succession in China was also a period of frequent meteorological disasters. Previous studies have shown that the historical famines or peasant uprisings were often related to meteorological disasters on an annual time scale, and severe famines and peasant uprisings were often triggered by severe climatic disasters ( Pederson et al, 2014 ; Buckley et al, 2014 ; Tian, Stige & Cazelles, 2011 ; Kelley et al, 2015 ; He, Su & Fang, 2020 ).…”

Spatial utilization of historical topographic map and its application in land reconstruction of ancient Chinese urban land use

“…For example, Beijing Tianjin Hebei was under the jurisdiction of the Governor General of Zhili during the Qing Dynasty, Shanghai was part of Jiangsu Province during the Qing Dynasty, Gansu and Ningxia were also under the same provincial-level administrative region during the Qing Dynasty, and Chongqing was part of Sichuan during the Qing Dynasty. In addition, due to the special natural geographical conditions of the plateau in Tibet, its urban development was restricted in history, and there exist relatively few records regarding its cities in related historical archives 37 . Moreover, the organizational form of the cities in the plateau area was also quite different from that of ordinary cities, so this study regarded it as no urban area.…”

Societal collapse: A literature review

“…Similar dynamics were noted in the literature concerning other past collapses, such as Rapa Nui. One exception in regard to this tension is the cause of the collapse of past Chinese societies; a vast majority of articles emphasized the influence of climate change, nevertheless explaining that climate and nonclimate factors were linked, but that the former contributed to the deterioration of the latter (e.g., An et al, 2004;Kidder & Liu, 2017;Feng et al, 2019;He et al, 2020).…”