Tobacco, Alcohol, Diet and Risk of prostate Cancer

Stéfani, Eduardo De; Fierro, Luis; Barrios, Enrique; Ronco, Álvaro L.

doi:10.1177/030089169508100503

Cited by 50 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…29). For nine evaluated case-control studies (202)(203)(204)(206)(207)(208)(209)(210)(211), the mean relative risk for high versus low consumption was 0.90 and the range was 0.6-1.39 (Fig. 30).…”

Section: Prostatementioning

confidence: 99%

Fruit and Vegetables in Cancer Prevention

Vainio¹,

Weiderpass²

2006

Nutrition and Cancer

232

145

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Our aim was to review the epidemiological literature on possible cancer-preventive effects of the consumption of fruits and vegetables in humans, to quantify the effect of high versus low consumption of fruits and vegetables, and to give an overall assessment of the existing evidence. We based our work on an expert meeting conducted by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2003. A qualitative reading and evaluation of relevant articles on the cancer-preventive effect of the consumption of fruits and vegetables was made followed by the calculation of the mean relative risk and range for cohort and case-control studies separately. The possible population-preventable fraction for modifying diet in relation to fruit and vegetable consumption was calculated as well as an overall statement about the degree of evidence for the cancer-preventive effect of fruit and vegetable consumption for each cancer site. There is limited evidence for a cancer-preventive effect of the consumption of fruits and vegetables for cancer of the mouth and pharynx, esophagus, stomach, colon-rectum, larynx, lung, ovary (vegetables only), bladder (fruit only), and kidney. There is inadequate evidence for a cancer-preventive effect of the consumption of fruits and vegetables for all other sites. Applying this range of risk difference to the range of prevalence of low intake, the preventable fraction for low fruit and vegetable intake would fall into the range of 5-12%. It is important to recognize that this is only a crude range of estimates and that the proportion of cancers that might be preventable by increasing fruit and vegetable intake may vary beyond this range for specific cancer sites and across different regions of the world.

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Section: Prostatementioning

confidence: 99%

Fruit and Vegetables in Cancer Prevention

Vainio¹,

Weiderpass²

2006

Nutrition and Cancer

232

145

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“…In many case-control studies, men consuming relatively high levels of milk and other dairy products are at an either statistically significant increased risk (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) or suggestively increased risk of prostate cancer (8)(9)(10)(11) compared with low or nonconsumers, although several studies have not supported an association (12,13). A recent meta-analysis of 11 casecontrol studies that met the specified inclusion criteria found a combined odds ratio (OR) of 1.68 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.34-2.12] for prostate cancer comparing the highest with the lowest quantile of consumption of milk (14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Prospective Study of Calcium Intake and Incident and Fatal Prostate Cancer

Giovannucci

Liu

Stampfer

et al. 2006

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

186

162

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Prostate cancer is the most common incident cancer and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in U.S. males. Higher milk intake has been relatively consistently associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, especially advanced prostate cancer. Some data suggest that high intake of calcium might account for this association, but this relationship remains controversial. We hypothesized that high calcium intake, possibly by lowering 1,25(OH) 2 vitamin D levels, is associated with poorer differentiation in prostate cancer and thereby with fatal prostate cancer. We examined calcium intake in relation to prostate cancer risk using data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, a prospective cohort study of 47,750 male health professionals with no history of cancer other than nonmelanoma skin cancer at baseline. We assessed total, dietary, and supplementary calcium intake in 1986, 1990, 1994, and 1998, using a validated food frequency questionnaire. We calculated the multivariable relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using Cox proportional hazards regression. Over 16 years of follow-up, we identified 3,544 total cases of prostate cancer, 523 advanced (extraprostatic) cases, and 312 fatal cases. Higher calcium intake was not appreciably associated with total or nonadvanced prostate cancer but was associated with a higher risk of advanced and fatal prostate cancer [for fatal prostate cancer, compared with men whose long-term calcium intake was 500-749 mg/d (excluding supplement use of <5 years); those with intakes of 1,500-1,999 mg/d had a RR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.17-3.01; and those with z2,000 mg/d had a RR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.32-4.48; P trend = 0.003]. Dietary calcium and supplementary calcium were independently associated with an increased risk. For high-grade prostate cancer (Gleason z 7), an association was observed for high versus low calcium intake (RR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.32-2.71; P trend = 0.005), but a nonsignificant, inverse association was observed for organ-confined, low-grade prostate cancer (RR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.50-1.25; P trend = 0.09). In a sample of this cohort, higher calcium intake was associated with lower circulating 1,25(OH) 2 vitamin D levels. Our findings suggest that calcium intakes exceeding 1,500 mg/d may be associated with a decrease in differentiation in prostate cancer and ultimately with a higher risk of advanced and fatal prostate cancer but not with welldifferentiated, organ-confined cancers. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(2):203 -10)

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“…According to a previous study (De Stefani et al, 1994), the mortality rate for prostate cancer has increased by 77% in the period between 1953 and 1991. Also, migrants from Spain and Italy have increased their risk of prostate cancer after arrival in Uruguay, suggesting the importance of environmental factors (De Stefani et al, 1990).In the only previous analytic study conducted in Uruguay (De Stefani et al, 1995), diet was assessed by food groups; both red meat and dairy foods were associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. Also, fruit intake was associated with a risk increase of 70% (De Stefani et al, 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the only previous analytic study conducted in Uruguay (De Stefani et al, 1995), diet was assessed by food groups; both red meat and dairy foods were associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. Also, fruit intake was associated with a risk increase of 70% (De Stefani et al, 1995).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Foods, nutrients and prostate cancer: a case–control study in Uruguay

et al. 1999

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Prostate cancer is the second commonest malignancy among Uruguayan men, with an age-adjusted incidence rate of 32.6 per 100 000 (Parkin et al, 1997). According to a previous study (De Stefani et al, 1994), the mortality rate for prostate cancer has increased by 77% in the period between 1953 and 1991. Also, migrants from Spain and Italy have increased their risk of prostate cancer after arrival in Uruguay, suggesting the importance of environmental factors (De Stefani et al, 1990).In the only previous analytic study conducted in Uruguay (De Stefani et al, 1995), diet was assessed by food groups; both red meat and dairy foods were associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. Also, fruit intake was associated with a risk increase of 70% (De Stefani et al, 1995). Since these estimates were not energy-adjusted some uncertainty remains about its validity. Therefore, we have decided to carry out a new case-control study on dietary factors and prostate cancer, based on a more detailed food-frequency questionnaire. SUBJECTS AND METHODSSelection of cases. In the period 1994-1997, all incident-and histologically verified prostatic adenocarcinomas occurring in men in the age range 40-89 years, admitted to the four major hospitals in Montevideo, were considered eligible for this study. Of 190 cases identified, 15 patients refused interview, leaving 175 cases of prostate carcinomas (response rate 92.1%). The stage distribution was as follows: localized 25%, regional 72% and disseminated 3%. There were no cases with latent carcinomas, and, therefore, this series is representative of a series of mainly advanced prostate tumours. The stage distribution of our series was compared with the figures drawn from the National Cancer Registry. According to this source, 70% of prostate cancers were locally advanced (regional) or disseminated at the time of the diagnosis. These figures reflect the fact that there are no mass screening programmes for prostate cancer in Uruguay. Controls selectionIn the same period, all patients admitted to the same hospitals as the cases with conditions unrelated to diet were considered eligible as controls if below age 90. A total of 240 patients were hospitalmatched to the cases; from this initial number seven patients refused interview, leaving a total of 233 controls (response rate 97.1%). The distribution of controls by disease category was as follows: eye disorders (87 patients, 37.3%), abdominal hernia (56 patients, 24.0%), acute appendicitis (25 patients, 10.7%), fractures and trauma (23 patients, 9.9%), hydatid cyst (15 patients, 6.4%), skin diseases (14 patients, 6.1%) and varicose veins (13 patients, 5.6%). QuestionnaireBoth cases and controls were specifically called up to the hospital for a face-to-face interview after diagnosis or treatment. The mean time since admission for cases was 62 days, and for controls was 50 days. Both cases and controls completed a detailed questionnaire which covered sociodemographic variables, anthropometric variables, occupational exposures, family hist...

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Tobacco, Alcohol, Diet and Risk of prostate Cancer

Cited by 50 publications

References 21 publications

Fruit and Vegetables in Cancer Prevention

Fruit and Vegetables in Cancer Prevention

A Prospective Study of Calcium Intake and Incident and Fatal Prostate Cancer

Foods, nutrients and prostate cancer: a case–control study in Uruguay

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