Tobacco Smoking Affects Bacterial Acquisition and Colonization in Oral Biofilms

Abstract

Recent evidence suggests that smoking affects the composition of the disease-associated subgingival biofilm, yet little is known about its effects during the formation of this biofilm. The present investigation was undertaken to examine the contributions of smoking to the composition and proinflammatory characteristics of the biofilm during de novo plaque formation. Marginal and subgingival plaque and gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from 15 current smokers and from 15 individuals who had never smoked (nonsmokers) following 1, 2, 4, and 7 days of undisturbed plaque formation. 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing were used for bacterial identification, and multiplex bead-based flow cytometry was used to quantify the levels of 27 immune mediators. Smokers demonstrated a highly diverse, relatively unstable initial colonization of both marginal and subgingival biofilms, with lower niche saturation than that seen in nonsmokers. Periodontal pathogens belonging to the genera Fusobacterium, Cardiobacterium, Synergistes, and Selenomonas, as well as respiratory pathogens belonging to the genera Haemophilus and Pseudomonas, colonized the early biofilms of smokers and continued to persist over the observation period, suggesting that smoking favors early acquisition and colonization of pathogens in oral biofilms. Smokers also demonstrated an early proinflammatory response to this colonization, which persisted over 7 days. Further, a positive correlation between proinflammatory cytokine levels and commensal bacteria was observed in smokers but not in nonsmokers. Taken together, the data suggest that smoking influences both the composition of the nascent biofilm and the host response to this colonization.

Cigarette smoking and the oral microbiome in a large study of American adults

“…Loss of beneficial oral species due to smoking can lead to pathogen colonization and ultimately to disease; this contention is strongly supported by the well-established role of smoking in the onset and progression of periodontitis (Nociti et al, 2015). Previous studies have shown alterations in the abundance of selected oral bacteria in smokers compared with non-smokers (Colman et al, 1976;Ertel et al, 1991;Charlson et al, 2010;Kumar et al, 2011;Hugoson et al, 2012;Morris et al, 2013;Belstrom et al, 2014;Mason et al, 2015); however, results across these studies are largely inconsistent, possibly due to small sample sizes in some, use of different sampling sites in the mouth and use of different laboratory methodologies, some of which impose limitations on bacterial profiling.…”

The Difference Number of Bacterial Colonies between Smokers and Non-smokers Gingivitis Patients in Periodontics Department at USU Dental Hospital

“…Diversity colonies were found more in smokers than nonsmokers. Thus, microbial communities showed lower stability after 7 days in smokers than non-smokers [14].…”

“…Kumar et al showed that there were differences in the number of bacterial colonies in smokers and non-smokers were taken from the margin, subgingival plaque and gingival sulcus fluids [14]. Differences in the number of bacterial colonies in smokers due to exposure to tobacco affect the bacterial composition of the plaque.…”

“…Research conducted by Kumar et al showed that there were differences in the number of bacterial colonies in smokers and non-smokers which obtained from the margins, subgingival plaque and gingival crevicular fluid [14]. Muller research showed that after six months observation, there was more supragingival plaque found in the group of smokers than non-smokers [15].…”

Effect of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Volume in Smokers

“…Vasoconstriction of blood vessels leads to reduced clinical signs and suppressed clinical expression of disease [11] .A study done by Kemal et al showed that smoking significantly increased Gingival crevicular fluid flow/volume when compared to non-smokers. Purnima et al conducted a study with Gingival crevicular fluid, marginal and sub gingival plaque that revealed early acquisition and colonization of oral biofilm in smokers [12] .…”