Tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and Hodgkin's lymphoma: a European multi-centre case–control study (EPILYMPH)

Abstract

We analysed the effects of tobacco and alcohol in the aetiology of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), based on 340 cases and 2465 controls enrolled in Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Ireland and Czech Republic, between 1998 and2004. Current smokers showed a significantly increased odds ratio (OR) of HL of 1.39 (95% confidence interval (CI) ¼ 1.04 -1.87). Analyses were also conducted separately for subjects younger than 35 years (179 cases) and for older subjects (161 cases). For subjects below age 35, no association was observed between tobacco and HL, whereas for older subjects, ever-smokers experienced a doubled risk of HL as compared to never smokers and the OR of HL for current smoking was 2.35 (95% CI ¼ 1.52 -3.61), with suggestion of a doseresponse relationship. A protective effect of alcohol was observed in both age groups. The OR for ever-regular drinking was 0.58 (95% CI ¼ 0.38 -0.89) for younger subjects and 0.50 (95% CI ¼ 0.34 -0.74) for older subjects. There was no evidence of interaction between tobacco and alcohol. Our results are consistent with previous studies, suggesting a protective effect of alcohol on HL. An effect of tobacco was suggested for HL occurring in middle and late age, although this finding might have occurred by chance.

Association of Alcohol Intake and Smoking with Malignant Lymphoma Risk in Japanese: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study at Aichi Cancer Center

“…In the present study, we saw no significant association between pack-years of smoking and follicular lymphoma, but the point estimate in follicular lymphoma seemed considerably higher than that in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, suggesting a possible association between smoking exposure and the incidence of follicular lymphoma. Consistent with other reports, we also found a significant association between Hodgkin's lymphoma risk and heavy smoking (2,4,7,8). With regard to other major subtypes, we found no increased risk among patients with marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.…”

“…Several case-control and cohort studies have investigated the association of alcohol intake and smoking with the risk of Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in nonAsian populations, with most suggesting an inverse association for alcohol consumption with the risk of malignant lymphoma (1-6) versus inconsistent results for smoking (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). However, little research has been conducted in Asian populations, particularly with regard to the effects of smoking and alcohol consumption on the risk of malignant lymphoma subtypes.…”

Association of Alcohol Intake with the Risk of Malignant Lymphoma and Plasma Cell Myeloma in Japanese: A Population-Based Cohort Study (Japan Public Health Center–based Prospective Study)

“…Most studies reported an inverse association between alcohol consumption and the risk of ML (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6), but reported inconsistent results with regard to that of PCM (6)(7)(8)(9). In contrast to the number of studies in Western populations, however, little research has been conducted in Asian populations.…”

Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and obesity: A pooled analysis from the InterLymph Consortium

“…Study designs are briefly outlined in Table I, and more details are published elsewhere. 3,8,14,18,24,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Cases were identified using rapid ascertainment techniques, while controls were randomly selected from population registers (8 studies), outpatient clinics (3 studies) or inpatients (7 studies) hospitalized for a variety of nonneoplastic conditions such as circulatory, digestive or respiratory problems, or with traumatic or nontraumatic orthopaedic conditions. The appropriate ethical committees' approval was granted for each study and informed consent was given by all participants.…”