1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
Objectives:The objective of this study was to update the systematic review on the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking on health outcomes.
Methods:In May 2015 we electronically searched the following databases with no date restrictions: MEDLINE, EMBASE and ISI the Web of Science using a detailed search strategy with no language restrictions. We also screened references lists of included studies. We also screened the references lists of the included studies. We included cohort, case-control and crosssectional studies, and excluded case reports, conference abstracts, editorials and reviews. We excluded studies not conducted in humans, assessing physiological outcomes, not distinguishing waterpipe tobacco smoking from other forms of smoking, and not reporting association measures. We assessed risk of bias for each included study and conducted meta-analyses for each of the outcomes of interest.
Results:We identified 50 eligible studies. We found that waterpipe tobacco smoking was significantly associated with respiratory diseases (COPD odds ratio (OR)= 3.18, 95% CI= 1.25, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
Conclusions:There is accumulating evidence about the association of waterpipe tobacco smoking with a growing number of health outcomes.