Tobraviruses—plant pathogens and tools for biotechnology

MacFarlane, Stuart A.

doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00617.x

Cited by 73 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…This confirms the theory that Tobravirus TRV belongs to a small group of viruses that do not need capsid protein for transport (Swanson et al 2002;MacFarlane 2010).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

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Ultrastructural studies of plasmodesmatal and vascular translocation of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) in tobacco and potato

et al. 2012

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The studies focus on an ultrastructural analysis of the phenomenon of intercellular and systemic (vascular) transport of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) in tissues of the infected plants. TRV is a dangerous pathogen of cultivated and ornamental plants due to its wide range of plant hosts and continuous transmission by vectors-ectoparasitic nematodes. Two weeks after infection with the PSG strain of TRV, tobacco plants of the Samsun variety and potato plants of the Glada variety responded with spot surface necroses on inoculated leaf blades. Four weeks after the infection a typical systemic response was observed on tobacco and potato leaves, necroses on stems and lesions referred to as corky ringspot. Ultrastructural analysis revealed the presence of two types of TRV virions: capsidated and non-capsidated forms in tobacco and potato tissues. In the protoplast area, viral particles either occurred in a dispersed form or they formed organised inclusions of virions. We demonstrated for the first time the presence of non-capsidated-type TRV in the vicinity of and inside plasmodesmata. Capsidated particles of TRV were observed in intercellular spaces of the tissues of aboveground and underground organs. Expanded apoplast area was noted at the cell wall, with numerous dispersed noncapsidated-type TRV particles. These phenomena suggest active intercellular transport. Our ultrastructure studies showed for the first time that xylem can be a possible route of TRV systemic transport. We demonstrated that both capsidated and non-capsidated virions, of varied length, participate in long-distance transport. TRV virions were more often documented in xylem (tracheary elements and parenchyma) than in phloem. Non-capsidated TRV particles were observed inside tracheary elements in a dispersed form and in regular arrangements in potato and tobacco xylem. The presence of TRV virions inside the bordered pits was demonstrated in aboveground organs and in the root of the tested plants. We documented that both forms of TRV virions can be transported systemically via tracheary elements of xylem.

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“…This confirms the theory that Tobravirus TRV belongs to a small group of viruses that do not need capsid protein for transport (Swanson et al 2002;MacFarlane 2010).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…It is sensitive to ribonucleases and it is easily degradable in plant sap. Complete virions known as capsidated forms appear in the plant, when both types of TRV virions and/or their RNA are present (Harrison and Robinson 1978;MacFarlane 1999MacFarlane , 2010.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructural studies of plasmodesmatal and vascular translocation of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) in tobacco and potato

et al. 2012

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“…We show here that PVX 2.7 can infect Arabidopsis because of the presence of a second virus, Pepper ringspot virus (PepRSV). PepRSV is a tobravirus (MacFarlane, 1999(MacFarlane, , 2010 and as expected, it encodes a VSR, which we demonstrate to be the PepRSV 12K protein. To demonstrate that PVX restriction in Arabidopsis is due to RNA-silencing mechanisms we show that PVX is able to infect a dcl2 dcl3 dcl4 triple mutant.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

ARGONAUTE2 Mediates RNA-Silencing Antiviral Defenses againstPotato virus Xin Arabidopsis

et al. 2011

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2R1 (P.M.)RNA-silencing mechanisms control many aspects of gene regulation including the detection and degradation of viral RNA through the action of, among others, Dicer-like and Argonaute (AGO) proteins. However, the extent to which RNA silencing restricts virus host range has been difficult to separate from other factors that can affect virus-plant compatibility. Here we show that Potato virus X (PVX) can infect Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which is normally a nonhost for PVX, if coinfected with a second virus, Pepper ringspot virus. Here we show that the pepper ringspot virus 12K protein functions as a suppressor of silencing that appears to enable PVX to infect Arabidopsis. We also show that PVX is able to infect Arabidopsis Dicer-like mutants, indicating that RNA silencing is responsible for Arabidopsis nonhost resistance to PVX. Furthermore, we find that restriction of PVX on Arabidopsis also depends on AGO2, suggesting that this AGO protein has evolved to specialize in antiviral defenses.

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“…Cultivars of the same species often vary in their susceptibility to TRV infection (Ghazala and Varrelmann, 2007;MacFarlane, 2010) and in TRV-VIGS efficiency (BurchSmith et al, 2004;Deng et al, 2012;Bennypaul et al, 2012). To estimate the efficiency of VIGS in different cultivars of pepper, we examined gene silencing in 3 agroinoculated cultivars of pepper: CM334 (A5), PBC137 (A3), and EC.…”

Section: Effect Of Different Cultivars Of Pepper On Vigs Efficiency Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite its successful application, the silencing efficiency of VIGS varies among different plant species and even among cultivars (Burch-Smith et al, 2004;Ghazala and Varrelmann, 2007;MacFarlane, 2010). In addition, many environmental factors influence the efficiency of VIGS, such as the Agrobacterium inoculation method, growth stages of the plants, and the growth temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of virus-induced gene silencing in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Wang¹,

Li²,

Gong³

et al. 2013

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. Virus-induced gene silencing is currently a powerful tool for the study of gene function in plants. Here, we optimized the protocol for virus-induced gene silencing, and investigated factors that affect the efficiency of tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing in pepper plants. Consequently, an optimal protocol was obtained by the syringe-infiltration method in the leaves of pepper plants. The protocol involves 2-leaf stage plants, preparing the Agrobacterium inoculum at a final OD 600 of 1.0 and then growing the inoculated plants at 22°C. Using this protocol, we achieved high efficiency in silencing CaPDS in different cultivars of pepper plants. We further used the CaPOD gene to illustrate the general reliability of this optimized protocol. Viral symptoms were observed on the leaves of inoculated plants of the Early Calwonder cultivar 25 days post-inoculation, indicating that this protocol can also be used to silence other genes in pepper plants. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that the expression levels of CaPDS and CaPOD were dramatically reduced in inoculated leaves compared to 2493 ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 12 (3): 2492-2506 (2013 Virus-induced gene silencing in pepper control plants. These results demonstrate that the optimized protocol can be applied to functional genomic studies in pepper to investigate genes involved in a wide range of biological processes.

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Tobraviruses—plant pathogens and tools for biotechnology

Cited by 73 publications

References 63 publications

Ultrastructural studies of plasmodesmatal and vascular translocation of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) in tobacco and potato

Ultrastructural studies of plasmodesmatal and vascular translocation of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) in tobacco and potato

ARGONAUTE2 Mediates RNA-Silencing Antiviral Defenses againstPotato virus Xin Arabidopsis

Optimization of virus-induced gene silencing in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

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