Toluene itself as the best urinary marker of toluene exposure

Kawai, Takeshi; Mizunuma, Kazunori; Okada, Yôko; Horiguchi, Shun’ichi; Ikeda, Masamichi

doi:10.1007/s004200050063

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Production work started at 08:30 and finished at 17:00. Immediately after the end of the shift, each worker collected his/her urine sample in an air-tight glass bottle, 5 ml of which was transferred to a headspace (HS) vial within 1 hour after the collection, according to the procedures previously described 10) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nineteen types of solvents were detected, among which toluene and acetone were most frequently observed ( Table 1). Of these solvents, 6 types of solvents, i.e., acetone, methyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene and xylenes, were selected as the solvents for which biological monitoring by means of urinalyses would be applicable for un-metabolized solvents 9,10,12,13) .…”

Section: Solvent Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of the exposure‐excretion relationship between men and women exposed to organic solvents

Kawai¹,

Takeuchi²,

Ikeda

2015

Journal of Occupational Health

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Sex-related difference, Toluene, Un-metabolized solvents in urine, UrinalysisBiological monitoring of occupational exposure to organic solvents (solvents in short) in terms of urinalysis for un-metabolized solvents per se has been gaining attention 1) . For several solvents, biological occupational exposure limits (BOELs) are set not based on the direct exposure-effect relationship, but instead are derived indirectly as the level of a biological exposure indicator that corresponds to the effect-based occupational exposure limit 2) . Usually only one value is set to be applied to both men and women, despite the empirical understanding that body compositions are different between men and women. The setting of a single value is probably due to the fact that historically work in hazardous environments (including workplaces using solvents) has been limited to men. Opportunities are therefore limited to compare the exposure-excretion relationship between the two sexes.This study group had a unique opportunity to study cases in which men and women were working together under conditions of exposure to solvent mixtures. The findings are reported in this communication. Materials and MethodsThe survey was conducted in 1998−9 in a furniture-producing industrial park in southern Japan. Enterprises were mostly of micro-scale with less than 10 workers. Solvents were employed as mixtures in paints, thinner or adhesives, and both men and women were engaged in a series of furniture production processes.Workers serving in the same plant were examined on the same day. In total, 238 men and 60 women in 69 enterprises participated in the survey. The present survey on solvent exposures revealed that 25 men and 7 women were exposed to isopropyl alcohol together with acetone. As isopropyl alcohol is converted to acetone in vivo 3) , these workers were excluded from the analyses. Three subjects who were under treatment for diabetes were also excluded, as diabetes Abstract: Comparison of the exposure-excretion relationship between men and women exposed to organic solvents: Toshio KAWAI, et al. Osaka Occupational Health Service Center-Objectives: The present study was initiated to examine if application of the same biological occupational exposure limits (BOELs) for organic solvents is applicable across the sexes. Methods: A survey was conducted in 69 microscale enterprises in a furniture-producing industrial park. In practice, 211 men and 52 women participated in the survey. They worked in a series of production process, and were exposed to solvent vapor mixtures. The exposure intensities were monitored with two types of diffusive samplers, one with carbon cloth (for solvents in general) and the other with water (for methyl alcohol) as adsorbents. Solvents in the adsorbents and headspace air from urine samples were analyzed with capillary FID-GC. The measured values were subjected to linear regression analysis followed by statistical evaluation for possible sex-related differences in slopes. Results: Essentially no significant difference ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Solvent Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the exposure‐excretion relationship between men and women exposed to organic solvents

Kawai¹,

Takeuchi²,

Ikeda

2015

Journal of Occupational Health

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“…Unmetabolized solvents in the urine sample were analyzed with a GC connected with an automated head-space (HS) air sampler (Hewlett Packard 19395A) and a capillary column (DB-WAX; 60 m in length, 0.53 mm in inner diameter and 1.0 lm in film thickness) as previously described (Kawai et al 1996). For analysis, a 5-ml portion of each urine sample was taken into a 20-ml HS-GC vial, and 1 ml of HS air in the vial was injected to the GC, with no use of an internal standard.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methyl isobutyl ketone and methyl ethyl ketone in urine as biological markers of occupational exposure to these solvents at low levels

Kawai

Zhang

Takeuchi

et al. 2003

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Objective: To examine whether unmetabolized methyl isobutyl ketone in urine is a useful marker of low-level occupational exposure to this ketone solvent, as is the case for methyl ethyl ketone. Methods: The study was conducted in the second half of a working week. In total, 27 furniture-making workers (19 men and eight women) and 11 non-exposed controls (six men and five women) volunteered to participate in the study. Time-weighted average (TWA; 8-h) concentration of vapors of several solvents in air, including methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK-A) and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK-A) was monitored by diffusive sampling. Urine samples collected at the end of the shift were subjected to head-space gas chromatography (GC) analysis for the unmetabolized solvents (i.e., MIBK-U and MEK-U). The relationship between the concentration of the solvent vapor and the corresponding solvent level in urine was examined by simple as well as multiple regression analysis. Results: The exposures to MIBK and MEK were well below the current occupational exposure limit levels, but the maximum levels of exposure to toluene and ethylbenzene were around the corresponding exposure limit. The correlation of the TWA concentration of the solvent in air with the concentration of the corresponding solvent in the end-of-shift urine sample was significant both for MIBK and for MEK, and the correlation coefficient was larger for MIBK than for MEK. The slope in the exposure-excretion regression line was almost twice as steep for MEK than for MIBK, possibly due to the difference in water solubility. Approximately 0.12% of MIBK absorbed in the lungs will be excreted into urine, whereas the yield for MEK was somewhat higher (0.19%). Conclusion: MIBK in urine is a good marker of exposure to MIBK, as in the case of MEK in urine for MEK exposure.

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“…J Occup Health, Vol. 57, 2015 CA, USA) 7,8) . A 60 m-long J&W capillary DB-WAX column (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was employed for separation 7,8) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid, tetrafluoroethylene, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, and 1,3-propane sultone

Benbrahim‐Tallaa

Lauby‐Secretan

Loomis

et al. 2014

The Lancet Oncology

114

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Toluene itself as the best urinary marker of toluene exposure

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Comparison of the exposure‐excretion relationship between men and women exposed to organic solvents

Comparison of the exposure‐excretion relationship between men and women exposed to organic solvents

Methyl isobutyl ketone and methyl ethyl ketone in urine as biological markers of occupational exposure to these solvents at low levels

Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid, tetrafluoroethylene, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, and 1,3-propane sultone

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