Toluene metabolites as biological indicators of exposure

Pierce, Crispin H.; Chen, Yili; Dills, Russell L.; Kalman, David A.; Morgan, Michael S.

doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00472-6

Cited by 33 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…On the other hand, hippuric acid is formed through a more elaborative mechanism and may not be appropriate for evaluating occupational exposures using samples collected shortly after the exposure. In addition, endogenous hippuric acid production by humans is influenced by factors such as diet, medical treatment, alcohol consumption (Pierce et al 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of smoking on the levels of urinary biomarkers of aromatic hydrocarbons in oil refinery workers

Chalbot

Vei

Kavouras

et al. 2012

Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess

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Occupational exposures to aromatic hydrocarbons may be overwhelmed by mainstream and secondary smoking exposures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of occupational exposures and smoking on benzene and toluene urinary metabolites. The metabolites were measured in pre and post-work shift urine specimens in oil refinery workers by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry techniques. Post-shift concentration differences between non-smokers and smokers were statistically significant (at p-value \ 0.05). Pre-and post-shift concentrations of urinary phenol (benzene biomarker) did not vary significantly for both non-smokers and smokers. Occupational exposures to toluene triggered an increase of post-shift levels (compared to pre-shift levels) of urinary cresol for non-smokers and workers who had less than 10 cigarettes during the work shift. For these groups, nonoccupational exposures before and during the work shift did not vary. For smokers who did not smoke during the work shift and for those who had more than ten cigarettes during the shift, the post-shift levels of both cresol and hippuric acid were reduced approximately 30% lower than pre-shift levels. This is due to increased exposures to tobacco smoke before the work shift. The relationships between phenol and (cresol ? hippuric acid) levels for non-smokers and smokers indicated that elevated coexposures due to smoking result in the reduction of all metabolites levels in urine. These findings demonstrated that exposures to tobacco smoke may stochastically interfere with occupational exposures when biological monitoring is used to assess occupational health risks. Factors influencing the magnitude of the interference were specimen collection time (in relation to the timing of occupational exposures and excretion rates of biomarkers), smoking intensity and timing before and during the work shift.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of smoking on the levels of urinary biomarkers of aromatic hydrocarbons in oil refinery workers

Chalbot

Vei

Kavouras

et al. 2012

Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess

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“…Nevertheless, the calculation clearly suggests that hippuric acid is the leading urinary metabolite, followed by o-cresol and then un-metabolized toluene, whereas the account for benzylmercapturic acid was small and that for benzyl alcohol is even smaller. In an experiment in which volunteers were exposed to radiolabeled toluene, Pierce et al (2002) found that urinary hippuric acid and o-cresol accounted for 75 and 0.3% of the radioactivity. The account for hippuric acid is similar to the ratio (82%) given in Table 9, whereas that for o-cresol is substantially higher than the present estimation (0.06%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative evaluation of biomarkers of occupational exposure to toluene

Ukai

Kawai

Ito

et al. 2007

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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In over-all evaluation, hippuric acid, followed by un-metabolized toluene and omicron-cresol, is the marker of choice for occupational toluene exposure. When toluene exposure level is low (e.g., 2 ppm), un-metabolized toluene and benzylmercapturic acid in urine may be better indicators. Detection of un-metabolized toluene or benzylmercapturic acid in urine at the levels in excess of the LODs may be taken as a positive evidence of toluene exposure, because their levels in urine from the controls are below the LODs. The value of benzyl alcohol as an exposure marker should be limited.

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“…A key role in the metabolism of benzene and toluene is played by the isoenzymes of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) and especially CYP2E1 (Koop et al 1989;Snyder et al 1993). In fact, during the biotransformation of benzene the latter catalyzes the formation of benzene oxide, the Wrst step in the synthesis of phenol, t,t-muconic acid (t,t-MA) and S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), while it intervenes both in the main oxidative pathway of toluene, forming hippuric acid and S-benzyl-mercapturic acid (SBMA), and in the secondary pathway leading to the synthesis of para and ortho-cresol and S-toluil-mercapturic acid Nomiyama and Nomiyama 1974;Pierce et al 2002;Snyder and Hedli 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity of new biomarkers of internal dose for use in the biological monitoring of occupational and environmental exposure to low concentrations of benzene and toluene

Lovreglio

Barbieri

Carrieri

et al. 2009

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Our research confirmed the validity of t,t-MA and SPMA for use in the biological monitoring of exposure to low concentrations of benzene. Urinary benzene showed comparable validity to SPMA; both parameters are affected by smoking cigarettes in the hours before urine collection, so it is best to ask subjects to refrain from smoking for 2 h before urine collection. Urinary toluene was found to be a more specific biomarker than SBMA.

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Toluene metabolites as biological indicators of exposure

Cited by 33 publications

References 9 publications

Effects of smoking on the levels of urinary biomarkers of aromatic hydrocarbons in oil refinery workers

Effects of smoking on the levels of urinary biomarkers of aromatic hydrocarbons in oil refinery workers

Comparative evaluation of biomarkers of occupational exposure to toluene

Validity of new biomarkers of internal dose for use in the biological monitoring of occupational and environmental exposure to low concentrations of benzene and toluene

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