Topical Niosome Gel Containing an Anthocyanin Complex: a Potential Oral Wound Healing in Rats

Abstract

Anthocyanins from dietary sources showing potential benefits as anti-inflammatory in oral lesions were developed as an anthocyanin complex (AC), comprised of extracts of Zea mays (CC) and Clitoria ternatea (CT), and formulated into a niosome gel to prove its topical oral wound healing in vitro and in vivo investigations. The AC formed nano-sized clusters of crystalline-like aggregates, occurring through both intra- and inter-molecular interactions, resulting in delivery depots of anthocyanins, following encapsulation in niosomes and incorporation into a mucoadhesive gel. In vitro permeation of anthocyanins was improved by complexation and further enhanced by encapsulation in niosomes. Collagen production in human gingival fibroblasts was promoted by AC and AC niosomes, but not CC or CT. The in vivo wound healing properties of AC gel (1 and 10%), AC niosome gel (1 and 10%), fluocinolone acetonide gel, and placebo gel were investigated for incisional wounds in the buccal cavities of Wistar rats. AC gel and AC niosome gel both reduced wound sizes after 3 days. AC niosome gel (10%) gave the highest reduction in wound sizes after day 3 (compared to fluocinolone acetonide gel, p < 0.05), and resulted in 100% wound healing by day 5. Histological observations of cross-sectioned wound tissues revealed the adverse effects of fluocinolone gel and wound healing potential of AC niosome gel. Topical application of AC niosome gel exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect and promoted oral wound closure in rats, possibly due to the improved mucosal permeability and presence of delivery depots of AC in the niosome gel.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Anthocyanins Extracted from Oryza sativa L. in Primary Dermal Fibroblasts

“…The free-radical-scavenging and antioxidant capacities of ANT pigments are introduced as the most highly recognized modes of action for interposing with numerous human therapeutic targets [17]. Moreover, with their anabolic effects in vivo , there is substantial verification suggesting that these phytochemicals have positive effects on wound healing [18]. In a previous study, ANT were found to promote wound healing by preventing oxidative damage [19]; however, to the best of our knowledge, the mechanisms by which ANT extracted from O. sativa L. act in modulating collagen formation and inflammation in skin fibroblasts have not been investigated.…”

Exploring the Applications of the Photoprotective Properties of Anthocyanins in Biological Systems

“…Different systems, such as ultradeformable liposome and noisome-based gels have been reported for their capacity to enhance the skin penetration, stability, and delivery of anthocyanins [ 84 ]. More recently, the release and skin permeation profiles of anthocyanins from a lipophilic delivery system were extensively studied in both porcine skin model and in human volunteers [ 194 ]. Two distinct lipstick formulations, one containing elderberry (mainly composed by simple glycosylated anthocyanins) and red radish (predominantly composed by larger anthocyanins exhibiting complex patterns of glycosylation and acylation) were tested to understand how the different structural patterns of anthocyanins might influence the skin permeation capacity.…”

Magnetic delivery of antitumor carboplatin by using PEGylated-Niosomes

“…They have been a desireable drug delivery vehicle due to their simple and uniform preparation, low preparation costs, and relatively high shelf-life [1–3]. Because of these promising properties, niosomes have been used in a broad spectrum of applications ranging from topical and skincare treatments [4, 5], over oral and cancer therapies [6, 7], to gene deliveries [8, 9]. However, to further improve the functionality of niosomes, attentions have been drawn to their relatively lower bioavalibility and fast removal from the bloodstream [10, 11].…”