Topographic Relationship Between the Receptive Fields of Neurons in the Motor Cortex and the Movements Elicited by Focal Stimulation in Freely Moving Cats

Sakata, Hideo; Miyamoto, Julio

doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.18.489

Cited by 44 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In the studies by Sakata & Miyamoto (1968) and by Asanuma et al (1968) threshold currents were slightly lower on average than in our experiments, so that in the case of Asanuma et al (1968) all effects studied were produced by currents less than 10 ,uA. The difference is not, however, unexpected because in those studies the cortical electrodes were tracked systematically through the grey matter in search of lowthreshold loci.…”

Section: Emgs Evoked From Motor Cortex Effect Of Pyramidectomycontrasting

confidence: 45%

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Electromyographic responses evoked in muscles of the forelimb by intracortical stimulation in the cat.

Armstrong¹,

Drew²

1985

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Chronically implanted microwires were used to deliver brief trains of electrical stimuli (11 cathodal pulses at 330 Hz and intensity 5-35,A) to sixty-two locations in the grey matter of the pericruciate cortex in cats.2. Electromyographic (e.m.g.) responses in the contralateral forelimb were recorded from a total of ten muscles (four to eight in each animal) acting about the shoulder, elbow and wrist and on the digits. The animals were relaxed with little background e.m.g. in the muscles and as a result only excitatory effects could be described.3. Five muscles which are flexors in the locomotor context were excited from more electrodes, distributed more widely across the motor cortex, than another five muscles which are extensors during locomotion; this difference in 'accessibility' was present both at 35 ,uA stimulus intensity and at 15 1iA.4. At a stimulus intensity of 15 ,uA, effective cortical electrodes tended to cluster either in the most lateral part of the anterior sigmoid gyrus (rostromedial focus) or in the coronal gyrus just caudal to a line prolonged beyond the lateral end of the cruciate sulcus (caudolateral focus). This is consistent with the existence of a double motor representation within the forelimb motor cortex (Pappas & Strick, 1981). 5. The two foci were similar in that both gave rise to more flexor than extensor responses and to fewer responses in digit or wrist muscles than in muscles acting about more proximal joints (elbow and shoulder).6. At stimulus intensity 35 #uA the latency of the earliest e.m.g. responses ranged from 11 to 14 ms in different muscles.7. For some muscles and electrodes the amplitude of the e.m.g. responses was substantially altered by a quite small postural change.8. After pyramidectomy the cortical thresholds and the e.m.g. latencies were both greatly increased.

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Section: Emgs Evoked From Motor Cortex Effect Of Pyramidectomycontrasting

confidence: 45%

“…responses evokable is not surprising because Sakata & Miyamoto (1968) have previously detected a wide variety of flick movements accompanied by e.m.g. responses (see also Armstrong & Drew, 1984a).…”

Section: Emgs Evoked From Motor Cortex Effect Of Pyramidectomymentioning

confidence: 89%

Electromyographic responses evoked in muscles of the forelimb by intracortical stimulation in the cat.

Armstrong¹,

Drew²

1985

The Journal of Physiology

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“…This relationship makes it possible to infer the forelimb joint that an individual PTN influences from the somatosensory receptive field that it has. Indeed, although axons of individual PTN from the forelimb representation of the motor cortex give off several branches along cervical and thoracic segments of the spinal cord most often synapsing upon interneurons of laminae IV-VII (Chamber and Liu 1957; Shinoda et al 1986), and there is a rich spinal interneuron network that mediates signals from PTNs to motoneurons, earlier reports have shown that microstimulation in the forelimb region of the motor cortex typically produces contraction in single muscles or in small groups of muscles in the area that composes the receptive field at the stimulation site (Armstrong and Drew 1985a;Asanuma et al 1968;Murphy et al 1975;Rosen and Asanuma 1972;Sakata and Miyamoto 1968) and affects monosynaptic reflexes of only one or two muscles (Asanuma and Sakata 1967). Even when series of pulses of 20 A were used in locomoting subjects, microstimulation of a quarter of sites within forelimb motor cortex still affected only one or two muscles (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We took advantage of the fact that in the spinal cord most PTNs influence the same part of the limb that they receive somatosensory information from (Asanuma et al 1968;Murphy et al 1975;Rosen and Asanuma 1972;Sakata and Miyamoto 1968). Moreover, even though axons of individual PTNs from the forelimb representation of the motor cortex branch along several cervical and thoracic segments of the spinal cord (Shinoda et al 1986), physiological experiments have shown that microstimulation in about half of sites within the forelimb motor cortex at 15 A produces effects in only one or two muscles (Armstrong and Drew 1985a).…”

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confidence: 99%

Pyramidal tract neurons receptive to different forelimb joints act differently during locomotion

Stout

Beloozerova

2012

Journal of Neurophysiology

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During locomotion, motor cortical neurons projecting to the pyramidal tract (PTNs) discharge in close relation to strides. How their discharges vary based on the part of the body they influence is not well understood. We addressed this question with regard to joints of the forelimb in the cat. During simple and ladder locomotion, we compared the activity of four groups of PTNs with somatosensory receptive fields involving different forelimb joints: 1) 45 PTNs receptive to movements of shoulder, 2) 30 PTNs receptive to movements of elbow, 3) 40 PTNs receptive to movements of wrist, and 4) 30 nonresponsive PTNs. In the motor cortex, a relationship exists between the location of the source of afferent input and the target for motor output. On the basis of this relationship, we inferred the forelimb joint that a PTN influences from its somatosensory receptive field. We found that different PTNs tended to discharge differently during locomotion. During simple locomotion shoulder-related PTNs were most active during late stance/early swing, and upon transition from simple to ladder locomotion they often increased activity and stride-related modulation while reducing discharge duration. Elbow-related PTNs were most active during late swing/early stance and typically did not change activity, modulation, or discharge duration on the ladder. Wrist-related PTNs were most active during swing and upon transition to the ladder often decreased activity and increased modulation while reducing discharge duration. These data suggest that during locomotion the motor cortex uses distinct mechanisms to control the shoulder, elbow, and wrist.

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“…It may not only be sensory cortex that is arranged in a columnar fashion, for Sakata & Miyamoto (1968) Perhaps the best documented and most overwhelming evidence for columns is in the visual cortex of the cat. Hubel & Wiesel (1962, 1963, 1965 found that cortical neurones, sensitive to the orientation of a linear target, cluster into columns, about 0 5 mm wide at the surface.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The representation of three‐dimensional visual space in the cat's striate cortex

Blakemore¹

1970

The Journal of Physiology

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1. Binocularly driven single units were recorded in the cat's striate cortex. For each neurone the two monocular receptive fields were stimulated simultaneously in order to assess the optimal positioning of the image in both eyes to give the best binocular response. 2. The electrode was driven perpendicular to the surface of the brain to explore cortical columns, all the cells of which are known to have the same preferred target orientation. 3. All orientation columns were found to fit into one of two classes according to their binocular organization. 4. In a constant depth column the receptive fields of binocular neurones cover a small retinal area and they are laid out in almost identical arrays in the two eyes. Consequently, the horizontal disparity is practically the same for all the units. The depth column as a whole is viewing a thin sheet of visual space, a few degrees wide, floating at some distance from the cat. There may be about 0·6° disparity difference between neighbouring depth columns. 5. In a constant direction column the binocular units' fields are all super‐imposed on the retina contralateral to the hemisphere containing the column. In the ipsilateral eye they are more scattered horizontally. Therefore the horizontal disparity varies enormously from cell to cell and the column as a whole is viewing a cylinder of visual space directed towards the contralateral eye. Neighbouring direction columns may vary by about 4° in their oculocentric visual direction. 6. This columnar arrangement is probably important for space perception in the cat. Activity in only one depth and one direction column would specify the orientation and the three‐dimensional locus of an object in space. 7. The two types of column may be involved in the control of disjunctive and conjugate eye movements.

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Topographic Relationship Between the Receptive Fields of Neurons in the Motor Cortex and the Movements Elicited by Focal Stimulation in Freely Moving Cats

Cited by 44 publications

References 28 publications

Electromyographic responses evoked in muscles of the forelimb by intracortical stimulation in the cat.

Electromyographic responses evoked in muscles of the forelimb by intracortical stimulation in the cat.

Pyramidal tract neurons receptive to different forelimb joints act differently during locomotion

The representation of three‐dimensional visual space in the cat's striate cortex

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