Tornado-Related Deaths and Injuries in Oklahoma due to the 3 May 1999 Tornadoes

Brown, Sheryll; Archer, Pam; Krüger, E; Mallonee, Sue

doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0343:trdaii>2.0.co;2

Cited by 76 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…For example, 57% of respondents in one study reported that what they saw and heard on television prompted their protective action (Brown et al 2002). In the same Moore, Oklahoma, tornado, more than half of respondents cited television as their reason for taking protective action (Comstock and Mallonee 2005).…”

Section: Background Literature a Risk Perception And Response To Sevmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Television has been historically the most common source of both routine (Tan 1976;Lazo et al 2009) and severe weather (Legates and Biddle 1999;Balluz et al 2000;Brown et al 2002;Hammer and Schmidlin 2002;Sherman-Morris 2005, 2010Schmidlin et al 2009) information; and the primary communicator of the weather information on television is the local weathercaster (Wilson 2008). Despite this importance, few studies (e.g., Sherman-Morris et al 2005;Drost et al 2015) have examined the influence that the weathercaster has on factors such as trust in severe weather information, risk perception, behavior, or recall of information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An exploratory study of the influence of severe weather radar broadcasts

Sherman–Morris¹,

Lea²

2016

J. Operational Meteor.

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The local television weathercaster is an essential communicator of severe weather information to the public, but the impact of the particular aspects of his or her severe weather broadcasts has received little scholarly attention. To fill this gap, the current study examines the influence of two severe weather broadcasts where the weathercaster was located either on or off the screen. Specifically, we examine risk perception, recall, and intent to take protective action from a tornado. Our results indicate that the presence of the weathercaster on-screen did not lead to significant differences in risk perception, behavioral intent, or recall-with the exception of the intent to call someone in the tornado's path to alert them. In this one instance, respondents who viewed a reflectivity video without the weathercaster on screen were more likely to call someone living in a specific location in the video. The video that illustrates risk with a velocity image led to lower overall perceived risk, and less likelihood to take shelter. The differences are most likely related to differences in the spoken message rather than visual differences between the two radar types. This is supported by other differences in risk perception for locations within each video, where locations in the spoken message were rated higher in terms of risk perception and likelihood to take action than locations not mentioned verbally, even when the location verbalized was not labeled on the map.

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Section: Background Literature a Risk Perception And Response To Sevmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An exploratory study of the influence of severe weather radar broadcasts

Sherman–Morris¹,

Lea²

2016

J. Operational Meteor.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…5 The percentage of fatalities in mobile homes compared to permanent homes is remarkable, because mobile homes accounted for only 7.6% of U.S. housing units in 2000, and only 6.9% of the population lives in mobile homes (Simmons and Sutter 2011). This clearly suggests that residents of mobile homes face a more significant risk of death than residents of permanent homes (Brooks and Doswell 2002;Brown et al 2002;Daley et al 2005).…”

Section: April 2014mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Analyses of the 2011 Joplin Tornado Mortality: Deaths by Interpolated Damage Zones and Location of Victims

Paul

Stimers

2014

Weather, Climate, and Society

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On 22 May 2011, a massive tornado tore through a densely populated section of Joplin, Missouri, killing 162 people. The EF5 tornado was the deadliest single tornado to occur in the United States since modern record keeping began in 1950, surpassing the tornado of 8 June 1953, which claimed 116 lives in Flint, Michigan. The Joplin tornado death toll was also far higher than the average annual number of deaths caused by tornadoes in the United States between 2000 and 2011. This study analyzed Joplin deaths by damage zone and place of death. Tabular data collected primarily from secondary sources revealed the number of deaths and death rates differ significantly by zone of destruction. The central zone (labeled as ''catastrophic'') had the most deaths, with the number decreasing systematically in both directions from the center of that zone. The results of this study further show that more people died in nonresidential buildings in Joplin than is usual in a U.S. tornado event, calling into question how well such structures protect occupants. Finally, the lack of basements in residential and other structures most likely contributed greatly to the high death toll, although the degree remains uncertain. Several recommendations are offered to reduce future U.S. tornado fatalities.

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“…Identification of the risk occurs when the public first becomes aware of the hazard through receipt of the warning or by seeing or hearing the threat. Many studies (e.g., Legates and Biddle 1999;Tiefenbacher et al 2001;Hammer and Schmidlin 2002;Brown et al 2002;Paul et al 2003;Mitchem 2003;Comstock and Mallonee 2005;Hayden et al 2007) note that the media and warning sirens are the most common dissemination methods used by the public to receive warnings. Sorensen (2000) found that the most rapid dissemination is through the use of reverse 911 telephone systems or tone-alert radios, both of which can alert about 90% of people within about 10 min, compared to 40% alerted by sirens and only 10% alerted by media in the same time frame.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many factors may explain increased or decreased vulnerability to these hazards, and an understanding of these factors is important to determine the relationship between warnings and fatalities. Factors that reduce vulnerability to these hazards include having a plan in place to address them, having a high school or college education attainment level, having a basement, and hearing sirens (Legates and Biddle 1999;Balluz et al 2000;Brown et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Tornadic and Nontornadic Convective Wind Fatalities and Warnings

Black

Ashley

2011

Weather, Climate, and Society

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A database of tornado fatalities, nontornadic convective wind fatalities, severe thunderstorm warnings, and tornado warnings was compiled for the period 1986-2007 to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of warned and unwarned fatalities. The time of fatality and location as reported in Storm Data was compared to tornado and severe thunderstorm warnings to determine if a warning was in effect when the fatality occurred. Overall, 23.7% of tornado fatalities were unwarned, while 53.2% of nontornadic convective wind fatalities were unwarned. Most unwarned tornado fatalities occurred prior to the mid-1990s-coinciding with modernization of the National Weather Service-while unwarned nontornadic convective wind fatalities remained at a relatively elevated frequency throughout the study period. Geographic locations with high numbers of unwarned tornado and nontornadic convective wind fatalities were associated with one high-magnitude event that was unwarned rather than a series of smaller unwarned events over the period. There are many factors that contribute to warning response by the public, and the issuance of a severe thunderstorm or tornado warning is an important initial step in the warning process. A better understanding of the characteristics of warned and unwarned fatalities is important to future reduction of unwarned fatalities.

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Tornado-Related Deaths and Injuries in Oklahoma due to the 3 May 1999 Tornadoes

Cited by 76 publications

References 10 publications

An exploratory study of the influence of severe weather radar broadcasts

An exploratory study of the influence of severe weather radar broadcasts

Spatial Analyses of the 2011 Joplin Tornado Mortality: Deaths by Interpolated Damage Zones and Location of Victims

The Relationship between Tornadic and Nontornadic Convective Wind Fatalities and Warnings

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