Toroviruses: replication, evolution and comparison with other members of the coronavirus-like superfamily

Snijder, Eric J.; Horzinek, Marian C.

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-74-11-2305

Cited by 98 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…It is this property which formed the basis for the name Nidovirales, which was given to the new order comprising the arterivirus and coronavirus families (the Latin word nidus means ' nest '). The nidoviral mRNAs are 3h coterminal, but they also have a common 5h leader sequence (with the possible exception of the genus Torovirus in the family Coronaviridae ; Snijder & Horzinek, 1993 ;de Vries et al, 1997). The latter is derived from the 5h end of the genome and is fused to the subgenomic mRNA ' bodies ' by a discontinous transcription mechanism.…”

Section: Discontinuous Subgenomic Mrna Transcriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The molecular biology of arteriviruses.

Snijder¹,

Meulenberg²

1998

Journal of General Virology

746

671

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Section: Discontinuous Subgenomic Mrna Transcriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The molecular biology of arteriviruses.

Snijder¹,

Meulenberg²

1998

Journal of General Virology

746

671

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“…The Coronaviridae family includes the Coronavirus and Torovirus genera (10,46). Despite significant size differences (ϳ13 to 32 kb), the polycistronic genome organization and regulation of gene expression from a nested set of subgenomic mRNAs are similar for all members of the order (16,46). The family Coronaviridae contains the largest RNA viral genomes in nature (26,44).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategy for Systematic Assembly of Large RNA and DNA Genomes: Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus Model

Yount

Curtis

Baric

2000

J Virol

244

284

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A systematic method was developed to assemble functional full-length genomes of large RNA and DNA viruses. Coronaviruses contain the largest single-stranded positive-polarity RNA genome in nature. The ϳ30-kb genome, coupled with regions of genomic instability, has hindered the development of a full-length infectious cDNA construct. We have assembled a full-length infectious construct of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), an important pathogen in swine. Using a novel approach, six adjoining cDNA subclones that span the entire TGEV genome were isolated. Each clone was engineered with unique flanking interconnecting junctions which determine a precise systematic assembly with only the adjacent cDNA subclones, resulting in an intact TGEV cDNA construct of ϳ28.5 kb in length. Transcripts derived from the full-length TGEV construct were infectious, and progeny virions were serially passaged in permissive host cells. Viral antigen production and subgenomic mRNA synthesis were evident during infection and throughout passage. Plaque-purified virus derived from the infectious construct replicated efficiently and displayed similar plaque morphology in permissive host cells. Host range phenotypes of the molecularly cloned and wild-type viruses were similar in cells of swine and feline origin. The recombinant viruses were sequenced across the unique interconnecting junctions, conclusively demonstrating the marker mutations and restriction sites that were engineered into the component clones. Full-length infectious constructs of TGEV will permit the precise genetic modification of the coronavirus genome. The method that we have designed to generate an infectious cDNA construct of TGEV could theoretically be used to precisely reconstruct microbial or eukaryotic genomes approaching several million base pairs in length.Molecular genetic analysis of the structure and function of RNA virus genomes has been profoundly advanced by the availability of full-length cDNA clones, the source of infectious RNA transcripts that replicate efficiently when introduced into permissive cell lines (2, 9). Recombinant DNA technology has allowed the isolation of infectious cDNA clones from a number of positive-stranded RNA viruses, including picornaviruses, caliciviruses, alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and arteriviruses, whose RNA genomes range in size from ϳ7 to 15 kb in length (1,13,32,34,35,47,48,54). The availability of these clones has enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of viral replication and pathogenesis and resulted in new approaches for heterologous gene expression and vaccine development.The order Nidovirales includes mammalian positive-polarity single-stranded RNA viruses in the arterivirus and coronavirus families (10, 16). The Coronaviridae family includes the Coronavirus and Torovirus genera (10, 46). Despite significant size differences (ϳ13 to 32 kb), the polycistronic genome organization and regulation of gene expression from a nested set of subgenomic mRNAs are similar for all members of the order (16, 4...

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“…4,7 These viruses share the same basic genome organization (5Ј-replicase gene-envelope protein genes [spike, membrane, and hemagglutinin-esterase genes]-nucleocapsid gene-3Ј). 3,4,[33][34][35] They also possess similar replication strategies, which consist of the synthesis of a 3Ј coterminal nested set of 4 or more viral subgenomic mRNAs, and 2 open reading frames connected by a frameshift site to express a replicase directly from the genomic RNA. 3,22,[33][34][35] Toroviruses have a positive-sense singlestranded, polyadenylated RNA genome of about 25-30 kb in length.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,4,[33][34][35] They also possess similar replication strategies, which consist of the synthesis of a 3Ј coterminal nested set of 4 or more viral subgenomic mRNAs, and 2 open reading frames connected by a frameshift site to express a replicase directly from the genomic RNA. 3,22,[33][34][35] Toroviruses have a positive-sense singlestranded, polyadenylated RNA genome of about 25-30 kb in length. 5,17,32,33 The term torovirus refers to the unique kidney shape of these viruses observed by electron microscopy.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Detection of Bovine Torovirus and other Enteric Pathogens in Feces from Diarrhea Cases in Cattle

et al. 2003

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Abstract. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of bovine torovirus (BoTV) in bovine fecal samples from diarrhea cases submitted to the Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (ADDL) and to assess if a relationship exists between BoTV and the other enteric pathogens detected. From November 1999 to May 2001, 259 specimens from 53 calves (Յ6 months old), 27 young adults (Յ2 years), 125 adults (Ն2 years), and 54 animals of unknown age were examined by an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay developed to detect BoTV. Testing for other enteric pathogens was performed by ADDL, and the results were analyzed with the BoTV data. The BoTV was detected using ELISA or RT-PCR in 9.7% (25/259) of the clinical samples, 56% (14/25) of which were from calves (P Ͻ 0.001) representing 26.4% (14/53) of the calves tested. Of the BoTVpositive calves, 71% (10/14) were less than 3 weeks of age. In 11/25 positive specimens, BoTV was the only pathogen detected among those examined. Other enteric organisms detected alone or in combination with BoTV in calf samples were rotavirus, coronavirus, Salmonella spp., Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp.; but no consistent association between BoTV and these organisms was observed. In summary, BoTV was detected in fecal samples from cattle with diarrhea, principally in young calves less than 3 weeks of age. Future studies of infectious diarrhea in cattle should also include assays for this etiologic agent.

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Toroviruses: replication, evolution and comparison with other members of the coronavirus-like superfamily

Cited by 98 publications

References 76 publications

The molecular biology of arteriviruses.

The molecular biology of arteriviruses.

Strategy for Systematic Assembly of Large RNA and DNA Genomes: Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus Model

Detection of Bovine Torovirus and other Enteric Pathogens in Feces from Diarrhea Cases in Cattle

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