Torsion of an ectopic liver in a young child

Ectopic liver masquerading as a floating intracaval mass

“…2,3 Gallbladder-associated liver is most common, but ectopic liver has been reported within thorax, lung, spleen, pancreas, umbilicus, adrenals, pylorus, and IVC. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Ectopic liver is generally an incidental finding discovered during surgery or autopsy. 4,5 Visceral and portal obstruction with associated symptoms has been reported; however, ectopic liver is generally asymptomatic.…”

Laparoscopic Removal of an Incidental Ectopic Liver: Short Report of a Case

“…However, development of hepatocellular carcinoma in ectopic livers, compression of the adjacent structures due to the mass effect and torsion of ectopic livers have been reported. They have been described usually in the vicinity of liver such as on the gallbladder, hepatic ligaments, diaphragm, thoracic cavity, adrenal glands, pancreas, omentum, spleen, esophagus and umbilical cord [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Ectopic livers have been generally reported not to have a connection to the mother liver.…”

Ectopic Hepatocellular Carcinoma

“…The ectopic livers are most often situated at the fundus and corpus of the gallbladder, but some of the lesions were also found in the gallbladder neck. Ectopic liver of the gallbladder wall can mimic a tumor mass (Hamdani and Baron 1994) and may undergo secondary changes, including hemorrhagic necrosis (Nagar et al 2011), sometimes caused by torsion (Elsayes et al 2005), cholangitis (Castro Viera et al 1990), cholestasis (Svane and Knudtzon 1991), and cirrhosis (Br€ uhl 1926;Lieberman 1966;Angquist et al 1975 et al 1984). In comparison with other ectopic livers, liver ectopia of the gallbladder does seem to less commonly be complicated by HCC.…”

“…Other, much less common localizations include the bile duct system (see above); hepatic ligaments; abdominal cavity (Kawahara et al 1988); omphalocele (Fock 1963); umbilical region (Nora and Carr 1946); diaphragm (Takayasu et al 1994;Huang et al 2007); greater omentum (Orth 1887;Br€ uhl 1926;Elsayes et al 2005); stomach wall (el Haddad et al 1985); gastrohepatic ligament (Catani et al 2011);pancreas (Kubota et al 2007;Catani et al 2011); spleen and splenic capsule (Schnyder 1926;Heid and Von Haam 1948;Ball et al 1971;Matsuyama et al 2010); parasplenic space (Diez et al 2009); jejunum (Newland et al 1989;Shigemori et al 2006 (Pesce et al 1984;Watanabe et al 1989); adrenal glands (Honoré 1985; Buck and Koss 1988;Zlatkovic et al 1998;Catani et al 2011); testis (hepatogonadal fusion; Ferro et al 1996); and umbilical cord (Preminger et al 2001). A supradiaphragmatic liver is commonly disconnected to the main body of the liver (Hudson and Brown 1962;Lasser and Wilson 1975) and may be associated with other malformations, e.g., congenital cardiac anomalies (Shapiro and Metlay 1991) or congenital diaphragmatic hernia (Shah et al 1987).…”