Torsion of the gallbladder

Abstract

Torsion of the gallbladder is an unusual cause of necrosis of the gallbladder. Since its first description a century ago, its diagnosis prior to operative exploration has been extremely elusive. The diagnostic value of current radiological imaging is limited. In the present report, we describe a case of torsion of the gallbladder in which laparoscopy was used successfully to identify and treat this condition without the usual requirement of open exploration. Additionally, the etiology, incidence, clinical presentation, radiologic studies, and treatment of the condition are reviewed.

Alkenyl and Aryl Peroxides

“…It had been noted early on by organic chemists that alkenyl and aryl peroxides are generally very unstable compounds that cannot be isolated. Reports mentioning aryl and alkenyl peroxides have occurred as early as 1897 and 1961, respectively, whereas the former one proved to be incorrect (for a separate discussion of wrong claims, see corresponding section below). These few isolated statements, however, often received little attention.…”

“…The majority of cases deals with nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions using peroxides. Probably the first report was in a patent by Vosswinkel from 1897, who reported the synthesis of sodium peroxy picrate, an aryl peroxide salt, from the reaction of picryl chloride with sodium peroxide . The compound was found to be “fiercly” explosive.…”