Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection in a Foal

Diaz, Olga Seco; Desrochers, Anne; Hoffmann, Vickie; Reef, Virginia B.

doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00017.x

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Standard transthoracic 2D, M-mode and Doppler techniques were adapted from the mature horse and measurements first reported for Thoroughbred and pony foals in 1984 (Lombard et al 1984;Stewart et al 1984). Since that time, published reports involving the echocardiographic evaluation of the foal have primarily focused on cases of congenital cardiac defects (Pipers et al 1985;Reef et al 1987;Sojka 1987;Wilson and Haffner 1987;Ecke et al 1991;Hinchcliff and Adams 1991;Chaffin et al 1992;Schober et al 2000;Seco Diaz et al 2005;Sleeper and Palmer 2005;Schmitz et al 2008) with occasional case descriptions of acquired cardiac disease (Reef 1987;Collatos et al 1990). However, the utility of echocardiography is not restricted to the diagnosis of anatomical abnormalities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraoperator, intraobserver and interoperator variability of echocardiographic measurements in healthy foals

Slack

Durando

Belcher

et al. 2012

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryReason for performing study: The repeatability of various echocardiographic measurements is unknown. Objectives: To determine the intraoperator, intraobserver and interoperator variability of echocardiographic measures in healthy foals. Methods: Echocardiographic examinations were carried out on 6 healthy foals by 3 experienced echocardiographers. Intraoperator variability was determined by having a single echocardiographer obtain and measure images from 6 foals scanned on 3 consecutive days. Interoperator and intraobserver variability were determined by having 3 echocardiographers each obtain images from an additional 6 sedated foals. Within-day interoperator variability was determined by having each echocardiographer measure their own images. Intraobserver variability was determined by having a single echocardiographer measure images obtained by all 3 echocardiographers. The coefficient of variation (CV) and standard error were calculated for each measure. Results: The variability for most measurements was either very low (CV<5%) or low (CV = 5-15%). Measurements of right ventricular internal diameter (RVID) in systole and E-point to septal separation (EPSS) showed moderate (CV 15-25%) to high variability (CV>25%) in all 3 categories. Measurements of the left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and velocity time integral from the right parasternal long axis view of right outflow tract in the fourth intercostal space showed moderate intraoperator variability. Measurements of the LVET, RVID in diastole and left atrial appendage (LAA) showed moderate interoperator variability and measurements of the RVID in diastole and acceleration time from the short axis view of the right outflow tract in the right third intercostal space showed moderate interobserver variability. Conclusion:The intraoperator, intraobserver and interoperator variabilities for most echocardiographic measurements in foals are low. Potential relevance: Most standard transthoracic echocardiographic measurements in foals have a low enough variability to warrant their use in serial clinical evaluations or experimental studies. Repeated measurements of RVID, EPSS, LVET and LAA should be interpreted with caution.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraoperator, intraobserver and interoperator variability of echocardiographic measurements in healthy foals

Slack

Durando

Belcher

et al. 2012

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…A retrospective study that reviewed 290 dogs with cardiovascular malformations from 1953 to 1965 revealed that only 1 case was diagnosed PAPVC with secundum atrial septal defect [40]. For the published case reports, there are only 3 dogs [41][42][43] and each 1 of chicken [44] and foal [45] that are diagnosed as TAPVC; only 4 dogs [46][47][48] and 2 cats [49,50] are PAPVC. One canine case reported in 1975 did not describe its detail (TAPVC or PAPVC) [51].…”

Section: Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Signs of dyspnea with exertion, cyanosis and exercise intolerance could be observed, and the patient is at risk of developing to pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure. Three veterinary cases were found to have concurrent ASD (secundum type in 1 dog [41] and 1 chicken [44]; sinus venous type in another dog [42]) and the case of foal [45] had concurrent PFO. A special child case had been recognized recently that all of his pulmonary veins were anatomically connected to the left atrium but the blood inside actually was drained into superior vena cava via an innominate vein, therefore corresponded to the definition of supra-cardiac type of anomaly [35].…”

Section: Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease

I-Ping¹,

Hsueh²

2022

Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology

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Four pulmonary veins come from respective lung lobes drain oxygen-rich blood back to the left atrium. Failure of incorporation with the left atrium can lead to a condition, called Cor triatriatum sinister, that the left atrium is separated into two chambers by an abortive fibrous tissue. The venous system of lung and whole body communicate with each other in the earlier time and they will be disconnected in the following developmental process. Total or partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection refers to that there is/are some degree of the communication exists after birth, which can occur in different sites. In the veterinary field, retrospective studies and several case reports have been published to describe these rare congenital cardiovascular diseases in several species. More cases are need for better understanding their clinical manifestation, treatment options and outcomes.

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“…Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) is a rare congenital cardiovascular abnormality. In veterinary literature, anomalous pulmonary venous connection (APVC) or drainage has been reported in dogs, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] cats, 8 a foal, 9 and chickens. 10 In fetal life, the primitive pulmonary veins from the lung buds develop from the splanchnic plexus, which communicates with the systemic venous system, and connects to the left atrium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symptomatic partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in a kitten

Hsueh

Yang

Lin

et al. 2020

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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A 3-month-old intact female American Shorthair cat, with syncope and tachypnea, underwent cardiac examination which identified no heart murmur or gallop. Thoracic radiography disclosed mild generalized enlargement of the cardiac silhouette and a bronchial and interstitial pattern throughout the lungs. Echocardiography identified tubular structures near the left atrium. After agitated saline contrast imaging, persistent left cranial vena cava with unroofed coronary sinus was suspected. Computed tomography angiography showed the right cranial, right caudal and left caudal pulmonary veins draining into the coronary sinus and flowing into the right atrium. The left cranial pulmonary vein drained normally into the left atrium. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) was diagnosed. The kitten was treated with diuretics but died of heart failure 2 months later. Permission for necropsy was not granted. This case represents symptomatic PAPVC in a kitten. Most pulmonary veins were connected abnormally with the coronary sinus. The prognosis was grave because of refractory heart failure.

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Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection in a Foal

Cited by 15 publications

References 5 publications

Intraoperator, intraobserver and interoperator variability of echocardiographic measurements in healthy foals

Intraoperator, intraobserver and interoperator variability of echocardiographic measurements in healthy foals

Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease

Symptomatic partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in a kitten

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