Total cost of ownership of electric vehicles compared to conventional vehicles: A probabilistic analysis and projection across market segments

Wu, Geng; Inderbitzin, Alessandro; Bening, Catharina R.

doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2015.02.004

Cited by 256 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…These are Climate Change (CC), Photochemical Oxidant Formation (POF), Human Toxicity (HT), and Particulate Matter Formation (PMF). These midpoint indicators serve as an intermediate between the emission source and the 'endpoint', representing the recipients of the environmental effects caused by anthropogenic activities; these are Human Health, Ecosystem Quality, and Natural Resources [39]. No endpoint indicators are discussed in this paper.…”

Section: Impact Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonetheless, a significant amount of attention has been given to PHEVs in the scientific literature. Popular topics are the optimization of battery capacity [28,[31][32][33], the environmental impact of the dual technology [34,35], and total cost of ownership [36][37][38][39]. Whereas the automotive industry regards PHEVs as an important asset for reaching future GHG and pollutant emission targets [40], the question remains which future market share this expensive dual technology is destined for, as EVs are gaining momentum and battery innovation aims for driving ranges equaling those of conventional petrol cars, while the cost difference decreases as well.…”

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confidence: 99%

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In-Life Range Modularity for Electric Vehicles: The Environmental Impact of a Range-Extender Trailer System

et al. 2018

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Abstract:Purpose: In the light of decarbonizing the passenger car sector, several technologies are available today. In this paper, we distinguish plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), electric vehicles (EV) with a modest battery capacity of 40 kWh, and long-range EVs with 90 kWh installed. Given that the average motorist only rarely performs long-distance trips, both the PHEV and the 90 kWh EV are considered to be over-dimensioned for their purpose, although consumers tend to perceive the 40 kWh EV's range as too limiting. Therefore, in-life range modularity by means of occasionally using a range-extender trailer for a 40 kWh EV is proposed, based on either a petrol generator as a short-term solution or a 50 kWh battery pack. Method: A life cycle assessment (LCA) is presented for comparing the different powertrains for their environmental impact, with the emphasis on local air quality and climate change. Therefore, the combination of a 40 kWh EV and the trailer options is benchmarked with a range of conventional cars and EVs, differentiated per battery capacity. Next, the local impact per technology is discussed on a well-to-wheel base for the specific situation in Belgium, with specific attention given to the contribution of non-exhaust emissions of PM due to brake, tyre, and road wear. Results: From a life cycle point of view, the trailer concepts outperform the 90 kWh EV for the discussed midpoint indicators as the latter is characterized by a high manufacturing impact and by a mass penalty resulting in higher contributions to non-exhaust PM formation. Compared to a petrol PHEV, both trailers are found to have higher contributions to diminished local air quality, given the relatively low use phase impact of petrol combustion. Concerning human toxicity, the impact is proportional to battery size, although the battery trailer performs better than the 90 kWh EV due to its occasional application rather than carrying along such high capacity all the time. For climate change, we see a clear advantage of both the petrol and the battery trailer, with reductions ranging from one-third to nearly sixty percent, respectively. Conclusion: Whereas electrified powertrains have the potential to add to better urban air quality, their life cycle impact cannot be neglected as battery manufacturing remains a substantial contributor to the EV's overall impact. Therefore, in-life range modularity helps to reduce this burden by offering an extended range only when it is needed. This is relevant to bridge the years up until cleaner battery chemistries break through, while the energy production sector increases the implementation of renewables. Petrol generator trailers are no long-term solution but should be seen as an intermediate means until battery technology costs have further dropped to make it economically feasible to commercialize battery trailer range-extenders. Next, active regulation is required for non-exhaust PM emissions as they could dominate locally in the future if more renewables would be applied in the electrici...

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Section: Impact Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Life Range Modularity for Electric Vehicles: The Environmental Impact of a Range-Extender Trailer System

et al. 2018

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“…Research into vehicle TCO modeling is still in its infancy with large differences in framing and assumptions, although a number of researchers have adopted TCO computation methods in order to calculate and visualize vehicle cost differences [10] [11] [22] [23]. TCO can differ significantly across vehicle types/ models, consumers and markets.…”

Section: Vehicle Cost Structure and Total Cost Of Ownershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TCO can differ significantly across vehicle types/ models, consumers and markets. Due to factors, such as fuel prices, driving distance, vehicle class, ownership period, consumer preferences, knowledge and other economic costs [22] [23] [24]. A relevant finding related to drivetrains in previous research is the significantly lower operating cost of BEVs compared to ICEV [11] [23].…”

Section: Vehicle Cost Structure and Total Cost Of Ownershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The countervailing ownership cost structure of BEVs has been applied in TCO simulation research for a number of different assumptions related to use, cost and time. These studies have found that plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) and BEV can be either cheaper or more expensive to own compared to ICEV depending on the assumptions made [10] [22] [23] [25]. Determining the profitability of different vehicles require personalized TCO calculations to be of practical relevance.…”

Section: Vehicle Cost Structure and Total Cost Of Ownershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The TCO Paradox—A Key Problem in the Diffusion of Energy Efficient Vehicles?

Hagman¹,

Ritzén²,

Stier³

2017

AJIBM

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The aim of this paper is to explore how mainstream vehicle buyers perceive and apply Total Cost of Ownership in their vehicle choice process. All else equal, rational consumers ought to evaluate Total Cost of Ownership in order to acquire the real cost of owning a particular vehicle under consideration, unless bounded rationality is affecting their behavior. The results reveal that vehicle buyers generally are capable of understanding the relative size of individual costs that make up vehicle Total Cost of Ownership but fail to evaluate and apply multiple costs in their vehicle purchase process. Regression analysis exposes that income, educational level, stated importance of Total Cost of Ownership and the number of vehicles in the choice set have a positive association with the degree that consumers conduct an evaluation of vehicle Total Cost of Ownership. Failure to consider Total Cost of Ownership can lead to uneconomic vehicle choices, which is here labeled as the TCO paradox. This could have an especially negative effect on the diffusion of battery electric vehicles, which require a more detailed cost analysis in order to extract its low operating cost structure.

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Vehicle‐to‐Grid Challenges and Potential Benefits for Smart Microgrids

Saeed¹

2021

Active Electrical Distribution Network

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Total cost of ownership of electric vehicles compared to conventional vehicles: A probabilistic analysis and projection across market segments

Cited by 256 publications

References 30 publications

In-Life Range Modularity for Electric Vehicles: The Environmental Impact of a Range-Extender Trailer System

In-Life Range Modularity for Electric Vehicles: The Environmental Impact of a Range-Extender Trailer System

The TCO Paradox—A Key Problem in the Diffusion of Energy Efficient Vehicles?

Vehicle‐to‐Grid Challenges and Potential Benefits for Smart Microgrids

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