Total mercury and methylmercury in Chinese rice and dietary exposure assessment

Zhao, Xin; Ma, Lan; Qu, Pengfeng; Yue, Bing; Zhao, Xin; Shang, Xiaohong; Zhao, Yunfeng; Wu, Yongning

doi:10.1080/19393210.2020.1741690

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Regarding total mercury, rice stands out for its Hg content (0.0013 mg/kg) followed by wheat (0.001 mg/kg). In China, studies conducted by Zhao et al [ 39 ] report higher Hg values (brown rice: 0.042 mg/kg) than those observed in the present study. Statistical differences (p < 0.05) in Hg content were found here between rice vs oats (p = 0.0043), rice vs corn flour (p = 0.0043), rice vs wheat flour (p = 0.0039).The EU legislation limit (0.01 mg/kg of total mercury in rice) was not exceeded by any of the samples [ 7 ].…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 70%

Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores

Rubio

Gutiérrez

Hardisson

et al. 2023

Biol Trace Elem Res

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Cereals and cereal-based foods continue to be basic foods in all diets. Despite being known for their high nutritional value; they can also contain contaminants (hazards) such as toxic metals. This study assesses the Cd, Pb and Hg dietary exposure from cereals and derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores and characterizes the risks by evaluating the Cd and Hg intake contributions to the tolerable intakes and by estimating the Margin of Exposure (MOE) in the case of Pb. In Madeira, metals follow the descending order of Cd > Pb > Hg. Cd stands out as having the highest levels (0.307 mg Cd/kg in oats; 0.237 mg/kg in rye). High levels of Pb (0.347 mg/kg) were also detected in rye. Regarding total mercury, rice stands out (0.0013 mg/kg) followed by wheat (0.001 mg/kg). While all cereals and derivatives except maize consumed in Madeira exceed the maximum value of Cd allowed by the EU, 50.0% of the rye and 25.0% of the corn flour samples exceeded the European Pb limit. The daily consumption of 100 g of oats, rye flour and rye represent high contributions to the TWI of Cd (93.2 – 120%). The MOE values of Pb from the consumption of rye (100 g/day) are 1,294 (nephrotoxic effects) and 3,082 (cardiotoxic effects). In the Azores, corn flour (0.72 mg Pb/kg) stands out with 85.7% of the samples exceeding the maximum Pb EU limit and MOE values of 626 (nephrotoxic effects) and 1,490 (cardiotoxic effects). Regular daily consumption of corn flour makes a low (< 10%) contribution to the Cd TDI. In conclusion, the Pb exposure from the consumption of cereals and derivatives could have toxic effects such as nephrotoxicity or cardiotoxicity in adults. The results highlight the need to set up monitoring and surveillance programs for the safety of cereals and their derivatives in Madeira and the Azores in terms of lead and cadmium.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 70%

Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores

Rubio

Gutiérrez

Hardisson

et al. 2023

Biol Trace Elem Res

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“…We compared and verified the simulated concentrations of rice grain THg and MeHg (Figure ) with the experimental data in the literature. − Overall, the model was reliable. The normalized mean bias (NMB) and normalized mean error (NME) were used to evaluate the overall simulation effect of multiple points (Supporting Information S2.2.4).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 56%

Source Apportionment of Speciated Mercury in Chinese Rice Grain Using a High-Resolution Model

Cui

Liu

et al. 2022

ACS Environ. Au

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Rice grain consumption is a primary pathway of human mercury exposure. To trace the source of rice grain mercury in China, we developed a rice paddy mercury transport and transformation model with a grid resolution of 1 km × 1 km by using the unit cell mass conservation method. The simulated total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in Chinese rice grain ranged from 0.08 to 243.6 and 0.03 to 238.6 μg/kg, respectively, in 2017. Approximately, 81.3% of the national average rice grain THg concentration was due to atmospheric mercury deposition. However, soil heterogeneity, especially the variation in soil mercury, led to the wide rice grain THg distribution across grids. Approximately, 64.8% of the national average rice grain MeHg concentration was due to soil mercury. In situ methylation was the main pathway via which the rice grain MeHg concentration was increased. The coupled impact of high mercury input and methylation potential led to extremely high rice grain MeHg in partial grids among Guizhou province and junctions with surrounding provinces. The spatial variation in soil organic matter significantly impacted the methylation potential among grids, especially in Northeast China. Based on the high-resolution rice grain THg concentration, we identified 0.72% of grids as heavily polluted THg grids (rice grain THg > 20 μg/kg). These grids mainly corresponded to areas in which the human activities of nonferrous metal smelting, cement clinker production, and mercury and other metal mining were conducted. Thus, we recommended measures that are targeted at the control of heavy pollution of rice grain by THg according to the pollution sources. In addition, we observed a wide spatial variation range of MeHg to THg ratios not only in China but also in other regions of the world, which highlights the potential risk of rice intake.

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“…Hg was not included in this study, because it has been reported that the average intake of both total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) for Chinese residents is far below the corresponding PTWI. Therefore, we assumed that THg intake and MeHg intake through rice for Chinese residents pose little risk (25).…”

Section: Selection Of Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk–Benefit Assessment of Consumption of Rice for Adult Men in China

Fang

Zhang²,

Zhang

et al. 2021

Front. Nutr.

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Objective: To evaluate the health impact of current and alternative patterns of rice consumption in Chinese adult men (40–79 years of age).Methods: We applied a risk–benefit assessment (RBA) model that took into account the health effects of selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), and inorganic arsenic (i-As). The health effects included the prevention of prostate cancer associated with exposure to Se, and an increased risk of lung, bladder, and skin cancer for i-As and chronic kidney disease (CKD) for Cd. We defined the baseline scenario (BS) as the current individual mean daily consumption of rice in the population of interest and two alternative scenarios (AS): AS1 = 50 g/day and AS2 = 200 g/day. We estimated the health impact for different age groups in terms of change in Disability-Adjusted Life Years (ΔDALY).Results: The BS of rice consumption was 71.5–105.4 g/day in different age groups of adult men in China. We estimated that for AS1, the mean ΔDALY was −2.76 to 46.2/100,000 adult men of 40–79 years old. For AS2, the mean ΔDALY was 41.3 to 130.8/100,000 individuals in this population group.Conclusion: Our results showed that, based on associated exposure to selenium, cadmium, and i-As in rice, the current consumption of rice does not pose a risk to adult men in China. Also, a lower (50 g/day) or higher (200 g/day) rice consumption will not bring larger beneficial effects.

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Total mercury and methylmercury in Chinese rice and dietary exposure assessment

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores

Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores

Source Apportionment of Speciated Mercury in Chinese Rice Grain Using a High-Resolution Model

Risk–Benefit Assessment of Consumption of Rice for Adult Men in China

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