“…Considering the fact that child rearing is multi-determined (Belsky, 1984;Bronfenbrenner, 1978, quoted in Bennett & Grimley, 2001, it cannot be argued that the effects of child development are solely determined by effective parental activity (Ramaekers & Suissa, 2012;Smith, 2010). But understanding the determinants and differentiating those that a parent can influence from those they cannot, can contribute to the development of personal competencies and resources that parents need in order to expand their life roles, as well as parental and family roles (Gorgievski & Hobfoll, 2008;Gradney & Cropanzano, 1999).…”