Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Contents, and Antioxidant Activities of Fruit, Seed, and Bark Extracts ofZanthoxylum armatumDC

Abstract

Natural antioxidants present in several medicinal plants are responsible for inhibiting the harmful effects of oxidative stress. These plants contain polyphenols and flavonoids that act as free radical scavengers and reduce oxidative stress and may be an alternative remedy to cure various harmful human diseases. This study aims to quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) and antioxidant properties of methanol extracts of fruits, seeds, and bark of an important medicinal and aromatic plant, Zanthoxylum armatum collected from wild and cultivated populations in Nepal. TPC was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric method using gallic acid as standard, and various concentrations of the extract solutions were measured at 760 nm. TFC was calculated by aluminum chloride colorimetric assay. Quercetin was used as standard, and the absorbance was measured at 510 nm. The antioxidant potential of the different extracts was estimated by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, and the absorbance was measured at 517 nm. The highest TPC value was 226.3 ± 1.14 mg GAE/g in wild fruits, and the lowest was 137.72 ± 4.21 mg GAE/g in cultivated seeds. Similarly, the highest TFC value was 135.17 ± 2.02 mg QE/g in cultivated fruits, and the lowest was 76.58 ± 4.18 mg QE/g in cultivated seeds. The extracts showed variable antioxidant properties. The fruits exhibited excellent antioxidant properties with IC50 values of 40.62 μg/mL and 45.62 μg/mL for cultivated and wild fruits, respectively. Similarly, the IC50 values of the bark were 63.39 μg/mL and 67.82 μg/mL, respectively, for cultivated and wild samples. And the least antioxidant capacity was shown by the seeds extract with IC50 values of 86.75 μg/mL and 94.49 μg/mL for wild and cultivated seeds, respectively. The IC50 value of the standard ascorbic acid was 36.22 μg/mL. Different extracts of Z. armatum contain considerable amount of phenols and flavonoids, including antioxidant properties, suggesting the potential use of this species in pharmacy and phytotherapy as a source of natural antioxidants.

In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Methanolic Extracts of Fruits, Seeds, and Bark of Zanthoxylum armatum DC

“…e antibacterial activities of fruit extracts of Z. armatum were comparatively better than seed and bark extracts. It might be due to the higher phenolic and flavonoid contents in fruits than seeds and bark [18]. e antibacterial properties of the crude extracts may be attributed to the collegial effects of several phytoconstituents present in the plant.…”

“…e leaves, fruits, seeds, and bark of Z. armatum possess various medicinal properties and have been used traditionally in several diseases as carminative, antipyretic, appetizer, stomachic, dyspepsia, and in toothache [2,[10][11][12]. A wide array of chemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, lignins, coumarins, and benzoids [13][14][15][16][17][18] have been reported from different parts of the plant, which are responsible for several biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antipyretic, larvicidal, and anti-inflammatory properties. Young shoots are used as toothbrush and useful for curing gum diseases and toothache.…”

The Antioxidant Potential and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Myristica fragrans Seed (Nutmeg) Extract in Diabetic Rats

“…Medicinal plants have long been reported as a prospective source of natural antioxidant compounds, particularly the secondary metabolites of plants, such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which act as free radical scavengers and may be an alternative to the treatment of various diseases, such as diabetes mellitus [16,17].…”

Pharmacognostic evaluation, estimation of phenolic, ϐlavonoid composition and antioxidant activity of Aspidopterys indica (Willd.)W.Theob: An endemic plant to peninsular India

“…The absorbance of different concentrations was taken threefold. The standard calibration plot of Gallic acid was used to determine the content of phenols in the extracts and expressed as mg Gallic acid equivalents(GAE) per gram of extract (Phuyal et al, 2020). The total phenolic content in the samples was resolved utilizing equation:…”