Total requirements of energy and greenhouse gases for Australian transport

Lenzen, Manfred

doi:10.1016/s1361-9209(99)00009-7

Cited by 99 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The yearly travel distances are sourced from regional averages while the energy intensity of the transport modes is based on input-output analysis data from Lenzen [14].…”

Section: A Multi-scale Life Cycle Energy Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-scale life cycle energy analysis of a low-density suburban neighbourhood in Melbourne, Australia

Stephan

Crawford

Myttenaere

2013

Building and Environment

117

102

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There is an increasing pressure on cities worldwide to accommodate the increasing population.Most cities are likely to expand in the coming decades and this expansion will probably take place as low-density neighbourhoods. It is therefore crucial to assess the energy demand and related greenhouse gas emissions of such development from a comprehensive perspective. This paper uses a representative low density case study neighbourhood near Melbourne, Australia, to assess its energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions over 100 years. Different housing typologies, such as row houses and low-rise apartment buildings, are tested. Results show that the energy required to produce and replace building materials and infrastructures constitutes nearly 26.9% of the total energy consumption while operational and transport requirements represented 39.4% and 33.7% respectively. Variations to the housing types reveal that apartment buildings reduce the energy consumption per capita by 19.6% compared to the one-storey single family detached house typical pattern. Regardless of the uncertainty in the data, the main conclusion is that each of the embodied, operational and transport energy demand and associated greenhouse gas emissions should be lowered in order effectively reduce the environmental impacts of new urban neighbourhoods.

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“…The yearly travel distances are sourced from regional averages while the energy intensity of the transport modes is based on input-output analysis data from Lenzen [14].…”

Section: A Multi-scale Life Cycle Energy Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-scale life cycle energy analysis of a low-density suburban neighbourhood in Melbourne, Australia

Stephan

Crawford

Myttenaere

2013

Building and Environment

117

102

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“…car manufacturing. Indirect requirements are often overlooked in transport energy studies but Lenzen [27] and Jonson [28] have established that they can represent up to 45% of the total requirements (direct and indirect) for road transport and sometimes more for other transport modes. It is hence important to take into account all energy requirements necessary for the mobility of building users to provide a comprehensive life cycle energy analysis.…”

Section: Transport Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only a few studies of indirect transport requirements have been undertaken so far. Examples of such studies are those conducted by Lenzen [27] for Australia and Jonson [28] for Sweden.…”

Section: Transport Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a comprehensive life cycle energy analysis framework for residential buildings

Stephan

Crawford

Myttenaere

2012

Energy and Buildings

137

102

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Abstract:The current energy assessment of residential buildings focuses mainly on their operational energy demand, notably in terms of space heating and cooling. The embodied energy requirements of buildings and the transport energy consumption of their users are typically overlooked. Recent studies have shown that these two energy demands can represent more than half of the life cycle energy of a residential building over 50 years. This article presents a framework which takes into account energy requirements at the building scale, i.e. the embodied and operational energy of the building and its maintenance and refurbishment, and at the city scale, i.e. the embodied energy of nearby infrastructures (such as roads, power lines, etc.) and the transport energy (direct and indirect) of its users.Results from two test cases, located in Brussels, Belgium and Melbourne, Australia, confirm that each of the embodied, operational and transport requirements are nearly equally important. By integrating these three energy flows, the developed framework and associated software provides architects, building designers, planners and decision makers with a powerful tool to effectively reduce the overall energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions of residential buildings.

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“…Delegates from international organisations (a total of 48) were allocated the average distance of all other countries of origin (9463 km one way). The travel distances were converted into energy use applying a factor of 2 megajoules (MJ) per passenger-revenue kilometre (British Airways, 2001;Lenzen, 1999) and CO2 emissions were derived using a factor of 69 g CO2 per MJ of kerosene (Becken, 2002).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Energy Costs of the Ecotourism Summit in Quebec

Becken¹

2002

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

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Total requirements of energy and greenhouse gases for Australian transport

Cited by 99 publications

References 12 publications

Multi-scale life cycle energy analysis of a low-density suburban neighbourhood in Melbourne, Australia

Multi-scale life cycle energy analysis of a low-density suburban neighbourhood in Melbourne, Australia

Towards a comprehensive life cycle energy analysis framework for residential buildings

The Energy Costs of the Ecotourism Summit in Quebec

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