Tour de Herpes: Cycling Through the Life and Biology of HSV-1

Denes, Christopher E; Everett, Roger D.; Diefenbach, Russell J.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9814-2_1

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Herpesviruses are divided into three subfamilies, alpha-, beta- and gammaherpesviruses, based on the viral genome, viral characteristics, and the cell type where latency is established [ 1 , 2 ]. Alphaherpesviruses are defined by their ability to establish latency in neurons, and include the human tropic viruses, HSV-1, HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) [ 2 , 3 ]. HSV-1 is prevalent worldwide, is estimated to infect 45–90% of the world’s population, and is highest in the developing world [ 3 ].…”

Section: Herpes Simplex Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Interactions with the Interferon System

Danastas

Miranda-Saksena

Cunningham

2020

IJMS

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The interferon (IFN) system is one of the first lines of defense activated against invading viral pathogens. Upon secretion, IFNs activate a signaling cascade resulting in the production of several interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), which work to limit viral replication and establish an overall anti-viral state. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a ubiquitous human pathogen that has evolved to downregulate the IFN response and establish lifelong latent infection in sensory neurons of the host. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which the host innate immune system detects invading HSV-1 virions, the subsequent IFN response generated to limit viral infection, and the evasion strategies developed by HSV-1 to evade the immune system and establish latency in the host.

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Section: Herpes Simplex Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alphaherpesviruses are defined by their ability to establish latency in neurons, and include the human tropic viruses, HSV-1, HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) [ 2 , 3 ]. HSV-1 is prevalent worldwide, is estimated to infect 45–90% of the world’s population, and is highest in the developing world [ 3 ].…”

Section: Herpes Simplex Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Interactions with the Interferon System

Danastas

Miranda-Saksena

Cunningham

2020

IJMS

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“…Original Image. References: ( Dolan et al, 1998 ; Lim et al, 2013 ; Jiao et al, 2019 ; Denes et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Herpes Simplex Virusunclassified

Developments in Vaccination for Herpes Simplex Virus

Krishnan

Stuart

2021

Front. Microbiol.

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Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is an alpha herpes virus, with two subtypes: HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections. It is the cause of severe neonatal infections and a leading cause of infectious blindness in the Western world. As of 2016, 13.2% of the global population ages 15–49 were existing with HSV-2 infection and 66.6% with HSV-1. This high prevalence of disease and the fact that resistance to current therapies is on the rise makes it imperative to develop and discover new methods of HSV prevention and management. Among the arsenal of therapies/treatments for this virus has been the development of a prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine to prevent the complications of HSV reactivation. Our current understanding of the immune responses involved in latency and reactivation provides a unique challenge to the development of vaccines. There are no approved vaccines currently available for either prophylaxis or therapy. However, there are various promising candidates in the pre-clinical and clinical phases of study. Vaccines are being developed with two broad focuses: preventative and therapeutic, some with a dual use as both immunotherapeutic and prophylactic. Within this article, we will review the current guidelines for the treatment of herpes simplex infections, our understanding of the immunological pathways involved, and novel vaccine candidates in development.

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“…HSV-1, a prototype human alphaherpesvirus, is prevalent worldwide [13]. Oral mucosal epithelial cells are the primary targets of infection; following replication in the epithelia, the virus enters the nervous system through the sensory axons and retrograde transport to cell bodies to establish life-long latent infections primarily in trigeminal ganglia or dorsal root ganglia [14].…”

Section: Hsvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immune Responses to Herpesvirus Infection

O’Connor

Sen

2021

Cells

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Infection of a host cell by an invading viral pathogen triggers a multifaceted antiviral response. One of the most potent defense mechanisms host cells possess is the interferon (IFN) system, which initiates a targeted, coordinated attack against various stages of viral infection. This immediate innate immune response provides the most proximal defense and includes the accumulation of antiviral proteins, such as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), as well as a variety of protective cytokines. However, viruses have co-evolved with their hosts, and as such, have devised distinct mechanisms to undermine host innate responses. As large, double-stranded DNA viruses, herpesviruses rely on a multitude of means by which to counter the antiviral attack. Herein, we review the various approaches the human herpesviruses employ as countermeasures to the host innate immune response.

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Tour de Herpes: Cycling Through the Life and Biology of HSV-1

Cited by 16 publications

References 86 publications

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Interactions with the Interferon System

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Interactions with the Interferon System

Developments in Vaccination for Herpes Simplex Virus

Innate Immune Responses to Herpesvirus Infection

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