Tourist development between security and terrorism: empirical evidence from Europe and the United States

Abstract

Research background: Today’s world is torn between extreme conservatism and duality, in opposition, trying to break the classical framework of freedom in the movement of people. In the context of complex global relations, this impulse, especially related to the travels for tourism purposes, raises new issues concerning the safety and security. The tourism industry has a priority for the economic development of many countries in the world and is a large source of export earnings and, at the same time, an important factor in the balance of payments of a significant part of the national economies in the world. The growing importance of the tourism industry, however, puts tourist destinations worldwide at the forefront of new challenges, one of which is terrorism. In this environment, new relationships are emerging and this reflects on the development strategies, as well as on the financial outcomes of tourism industry which are also largely affected.
 Purpose of the article: Respecting the new realities, the study explores the link between the risk of terrorism and the revenues from international tourism. Its main purpose is to investigate the impact of terrorism on the financial revenues from tourism in the European countries and the United States. The research is deter-mined by the perception that the financial flows from the international tourism are the quantitative manifestation of the hidden effects of the terrorism.
 Methods: The research method includes a regression cross-section analysis and Granger Causality test. The survey is panel and includes 37 countries from Europe tourism region and the United States from Americas’ tourism region (according UNWTO) for the period 2012–2017.
 Findings & Value added: In conclusion, the effects of terrorism on the studied regions have been summarized, establishing dependence between terrorism and tourism, which illustrates a specific creative-destructive reflections of terrorism on tourism with regions particularities.

Managing the Socio-Economic Development of Small Forms of Green Tourism

“…Special features in managing the tourism sector development were considered in papers [12], [17], [19], [21].…”

“…The paper [17] addressed the impact of global non-economic factors (including international terrorism) on the development of international tourism in Europe and the Russian Federation.…”

“…Stankova et al [17] studied the results of their manifestation regarding the formation of sovereign states' budgets at the national and regional levels. Separately addressed were the directions of the state policy to prevent negative consequences.…”

Innovative leadership in leisure and entertainment industry

“…The leisure and entertainment industry, which forms an integrative part of the travel and tourism sector, represents a significant contributor to the economic development of a country (Stankova et al , 2019). Based on the projections of the World Economic Forum (2019), the number of tourists is expected to grow and decision-makers ought to assess the specific levers they need to activate to capture this growth and sustain competitiveness.…”

“…The country is known for its vibrant multicultural ecosystem and a dynamic labor market that attracts a large number of expatriate employees (de Waal and Frijns, 2016) who take advantage of multiple opportunities to engage in entrepreneurial undertakings (Bodolica and Spraggon, 2015) or establish their family businesses (D’Costa et al , 2018; Dupuis et al , 2017). Extant studies show that the incidence of interstate verbal and material conflict increases volatility in the destination country (Theocharous et al , 2018) and geopolitical risks negatively impact inbound tourism (Demir et al , 2019; Stankova et al , 2019). Nonetheless, the UAE benefits from a central geographic position and is recognized as one of the safest and the most stable states in the region.…”