Tourmaline in the Passagem de Mariana gold deposit (Brazil) revisited: major-element, trace-element and B-isotope constraints on metallogenesis

Trumbull, Robert B.; Garda, Gianna Maria; Xavier, Roberto Perez; Cavalcanti, José Adilson Dias; Codeço, Marta S.

doi:10.1007/s00126-018-0819-z

Cited by 39 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In hydrothermal ore deposits, tourmaline composition is controlled by bulk composition of the host rock, pressure, and temperature conditions of the system, and the composition of the hydrothermal fluid [29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Tourmaline is also a common gangue mineral in many ore deposits (e.g., tin, tungsten, beryllium, gold, silver, copper, and uranium) and has been used to characterize the ore-forming processes [9,28,31,32,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourmaline as a Recorder of Ore-Forming Processes in the Xuebaoding W-Sn-Be Deposit, Sichuan Province, China: Evidence from the Chemical Composition of Tourmaline

2020

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The Xuebaoding W-Sn-Be deposit located in the Songpan-Ganze Orogenic Belt (Sichuan Province, China) is a hydrothermal deposit with less developed pegmatite stage. The deposit is famous for the coarse-grained crystals of beryl, scheelite, cassiterite, apatite, fluorite, muscovite, and others. The orebody is spatially associated with the Pankou and Pukouling granites hosted in Triassic marbles and schists. The highly fractionated granites are peraluminous, Li-Rb-Cs-rich, and related to W-Sn-Be mineralization. The mineralization can chiefly be classified based on the wallrock and mineral assemblages as muscovite and beryl in granite (Zone I), then beryl, cassiterite and muscovite at the transition from granite to triassic strata (Zone II), and the main mineralized veins composed of an assemblage of beryl, cassiterite, scheelite, fluorite, and apatite hosted in metasedimentary rock units of marble and schist (Zone III). Due to the stability of tourmaline over a wide range of temperature and pressure conditions, its compositional variability can reflect the evolution of the ore-forming fluids. Tourmaline is an important gangue mineral in the Xuebaoding deposit and occurs in the late-magmatic to early-hydrothermal stage, and can thus be used as a proxy for the fluid evolution. Three types of tourmalines can be distinguished: tourmaline disseminations within the granite (type I), tourmaline clusters at the margin of the granite (type II), and tourmalines occurring in the mineralized veins (type III). Based on their chemical composition, both type I and II tourmalines belong to the alkali group and to the dravite-schorl solid solution. Type III tourmaline which is higher in X-site vacancy corresponds to foitite and schorl. It is proposed that the weakly zoned type I tourmalines result from an immiscible boron-rich aqueous fluid in the latest stage of granite crystallization, that the type II tourmalines showing skeletal texture directly formed from the undercooled melts, and that type III tourmalines occurring in the mineralized veins formed directly from the magmatic hydrothermal fluids. Both type I and type II tourmalines show similar compositional variations reflecting the highly fractionated Pankou and Pukouling granites. The higher Ca, Mg, and Fe contents of type III tourmaline are buffered by the composition of the metasedimentary host rocks. The decreasing Na content (<0.8 atoms per formula unit (apfu)) and increasing Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios of all tourmaline samples suggest that they precipitated from oxidized, low-salinity fluids. The decreasing trend of Al content from type I (5.60–6.36 apfu) and type II (6.01–6.43 apfu) to type III (5.58–5.87 apfu) tourmalines, and associated decrease in Na, may be caused by the crystallization of albite and muscovite. The combined petrographic, mineralogical, and chemical characteristics of the three types of tourmalines thus reflect the late-magmatic to early-hydrothermal evolution of the ore-forming fluids, and could be used as a geochemical fingerprint for prospecting W-Sn-Be mineralization in the Xuebaoding district.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourmaline as a Recorder of Ore-Forming Processes in the Xuebaoding W-Sn-Be Deposit, Sichuan Province, China: Evidence from the Chemical Composition of Tourmaline

2020

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“…Colored fields correspond to ranges of minimum and maximum values; thick black lines are average values. (Marks et al, 2013;Yang et al, 2015;Drivenes et al, 2015;Duchoslav et al, 2017;Hong et al, 2017;Kalliomäki et al, 49 2017;Zhao et al, 2019) and in metasedimentary-metavolcanic rocks (Galbraith et al, 2009;van Hinsberg and Schumacher, 2011;Hazarika et al, 2015;Berryman et al, 2017;Kalliomäki et al, 2017;Trumbull et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2019). Sn (ppm) 10 1 1 10 -3 10 -2 1 10 -1 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 -3 10 -2 1 10 -1 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 -3 10 -2 1 10 -1 10 1 10 2 10 3…”

Section: Figure Captionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, the trace element contents of tourmaline from San Rafael overlap those from the Cornwall tin deposits (southwest England), notably for Li, Sn, Zn, Mn, V, and Sr (Drivenes et al, 2015;Duchoslav et al, 2017). High concentrations of Li and Sn are especially characteristic of tourmaline that precipitated from magmatichydrothermal fluids (e.g., Drivenes et al, 2015;Yang et al, 2015;Duchoslav et al, 2017;Hong et al, 2017;Kalliomäki et al, 2017;Zhao et al, 2019), whereas high Sr, V, and Cr concentrations indicate a metamorphic fluid origin or at least in part, the nature of the host rock(s) that equilibrated with the metamorphic fluid phase (e.g., Galbraith et al, 2009;Hazarika et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2016;Berryman et al, 2017;Kalliomäki et al, 2017;Trumbull et al, 2019). Using the Li/Sr ratio as a proxy for the fluid source, we compared the trace element composition of tourmaline from San Rafael with that of worldwide tourmaline occurrences hosted in granites, metasedimentary rocks, and metavolcanic rocks (Fig.…”

Section: Tourmaline Chemistry As a Monitor Of Magmatic-hydrothermal Fluid Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourmaline as a Tracer of Late-Magmatic to Hydrothermal Fluid Evolution: The World-Class San Rafael Tin (-Copper) Deposit, Peru

et al. 2020

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The world-class San Rafael tin (-copper) deposit (central Andean tin belt, southeast Peru) is an exceptionally large and rich (>1 million metric tons Sn; grades typically >2% Sn) cassiterite-bearing hydrothermal vein system hosted by a late Oligocene (ca. 24 Ma) peraluminous K-feldspar-megacrystic granitic complex and surrounding Ordovician shales affected by deformation and low-grade metamorphism. The mineralization consists of NW-trending, quartz-cassiterite-sulfide veins and fault-controlled breccia bodies (>1.4 km in vertical and horizontal extension). They show volumetrically important tourmaline alteration that principally formed prior to the main ore stage, similar to other granite-related Sn deposits worldwide. We present here a detailed textural and geochemical study of tourmaline, aiming to trace fluid evolution of the San Rafael magmatic-hydrothermal system that led to the deposition of tin mineralization. Based on previous works and new petrographic observations, three main generations of tourmaline of both magmatic and hydrothermal origin were distinguished and were analyzed in situ for their major, minor, and trace element composition by electron microprobe analyzer and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, as well as for their bulk Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope compositions by multicollector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. A first late-magmatic tourmaline generation (Tur 1) occurs in peraluminous granitic rocks as nodules and disseminations, which do not show evidence of alteration. This early Tur 1 is texturally and compositionally homogeneous; it has a dravitic composition, with Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.36 to 0.52, close to the schorl-dravite limit, and relatively high contents (10s to 100s ppm) of Li, K, Mn, light rare earth elements, and Zn. The second generation (Tur 2)—the most important volumetrically—is pre-ore, high-temperature (>500°C), hydrothermal tourmaline occurring as phenocryst replacement (Tur 2a) and open-space fillings in veins and breccias (Tur 2b) and microbreccias (Tur 2c) emplaced in the host granites and shales. Pre-ore Tur 2 typically shows oscillatory zoning, possibly reflecting rapid changes in the hydrothermal system, and has a large compositional range that spans the schorl to dravite fields, with Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.02 to 0.83. Trace element contents of Tur 2 are similar to those of Tur 1. Compositional variations within Tur 2 may be explained by the different degree of interaction of the magmatic-hydrothermal fluid with the host rocks (granites and shales), in part because of the effect of replacement versus open-space filling. The third generation is syn-ore hydrothermal tourmaline (Tur 3). It forms microscopic veinlets and overgrowths, partly cutting previous tourmaline generations, and is locally intergrown with cassiterite, chlorite, quartz, and minor pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite from the main ore assemblage. Syn-ore Tur 3 has schorl-foititic compositions, with Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.48 to 0.94, that partly differ from those of late-magmatic Tur 1 and pre-ore hydrothermal Tur 2. Relative to Tur 1 and Tur 2, syn-ore Tur 3 has higher contents of Sr and heavy rare earth elements (10s to 100s ppm) and unusually high contents of Sn (up to >1,000 ppm). Existence of these three main tourmaline generations, each having specific textural and compositional characteristics, reflects a boron-rich protracted magmatic-hydrothermal system with repeated episodes of hydrofracturing and fluid-assisted reopening, generating veins and breccias. Most trace elements in the San Rafael tourmaline do not correlate with Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios, suggesting that their incorporation was likely controlled by the melt/fluid composition and local fluid-rock interactions. The initial radiogenic Sr and Nd isotope compositions of the three aforementioned tourmaline generations (0.7160–0.7276 for 87Sr/86Sr(i) and 0.5119–0.5124 for 143Nd/144Nd(i)) mostly overlap those of the San Rafael granites (87Sr/86Sr(i) = 0.7131–0.7202 and 143Nd/144Nd(i) = 0.5121–0.5122) and support a dominantly magmatic origin of the hydrothermal fluids. These compositions also overlap the initial Nd isotope values of Bolivian tin porphyries. The initial Pb isotope compositions of tourmaline show larger variations, with 206Pb/204Pb(i), 207Pb/204Pb(i), and 208Pb/204Pb(i) ratios mostly falling in the range of 18.6 to 19.3, 15.6 to 16.0, and 38.6 to 39.7, respectively. These compositions partly overlap the initial Pb isotope values of the San Rafael granites (206Pb/204Pb(i) = 18.6–18.8, 207Pb/204Pb(i) = 15.6–15.7, and 208Pb/204Pb(i) = 38.9–39.0) and are also similar to those of other Oligocene to Miocene Sn-W ± Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag deposits in southeast Peru. Rare earth element patterns of tourmaline are characterized, from Tur 1 to Tur 3, by decreasing (Eu/Eu*)N ratios (from 20 to 2) that correlate with increasing Sn contents (from 10s to >1,000 ppm). These variations are interpreted to reflect evolution of the hydrothermal system from reducing toward relatively more oxidizing conditions, still in a low-sulfidation environment, as indicated by the pyrrhotite-arsenopyrite assemblage. The changing textural and compositional features of Tur 1 to Tur 3 reflect the evolution of the San Rafael magmatic-hydrothermal system and support the model of fluid mixing between reduced, Sn-rich magmatic fluids and cooler, oxidizing meteoric waters as the main process that caused cassiterite precipitation.

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“…Tourmaline is an important gangue mineral in many hydrothermal ore deposits, especially in massive sulfide deposits and granite-related Sn-W deposits (Slack 1996). Hence, tourmaline in different types of ore deposits has been a topic of many chemical and isotopic investigations (Mao 1995;Jiang et al 1998Jiang et al , 2002Slack and Trumbull 2011;Mercadier et al 2012;Lambert-Smithm et al 2016;Su et al 2016Su et al , 2019Adlakha et al 2017;Codeço et al 2017;Duchoslav et al 2017;Kalliomäki et al 2017;Ranta et al 2017;Albert et al 2018;Trumbull et al 2019;Harlaux et al 2019Harlaux et al , 2020Sciuba et al 2020). Previous studies showed that tourmaline can provide important information about the mineralization environment and ore genesis of the associated deposits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and boron isotopic compositions of tourmaline at the Dachang Sn-polymetallic ore district in South China: Constraints on the origin and evolution of hydrothermal fluids

et al. 2021

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The Dachang Sn-polymetallic ore district in South China is the second largest tin district in the world with a tin reserve of over one million tonnes. Zn-Cu skarn and stratiform, massive, and vein Sn-Pb-Zn ores are all present in this district. This has led to a debate as to whether the Sn orebodies were formed by Cretaceous magmatic-hydrothermal replacement or Devonian submarine exhalative-hydrothermal sedimentation. Here, we present a systematic investigation of the major, trace element, and boron isotopic compositions of different types of tourmaline in the Dachang ore district. Tourmaline disseminated in the Longxianggai granite and pegmatite veins belongs to the schorl series and has high contents of Li, Zn, and Ga. The δ 11 B value of primary magma of the Longxianggai granite is estimated to be about −13‰, close to the global average δ 11 B value (−11‰) for S-type granites. Tourmaline from quartz-tourmaline veins in the Longxianggai granite has similar chemical composition to the magmatic tourmaline and likely formed from hydrothermal fluids exsolved from the evolved granitic melt. The δ 11 B value of the initial hydrothermal fluids is also calculated to be about −13‰.Tourmalines from the skarn and sulfide ores in the Lamo deposit have higher Mg/(Mg+Fe) and lower Na/(Na+Ca) ratios and higher contents of Be, Ge, Sr, and Sn than magmatic tourmaline. These patterns likely reflect input of elements derived from the host Devonian limestone. The δ 11 B values of the hydrothermal fluidsre estimated to be between −13 and −10‰, suggesting evolved magmatic-hydrothermal fluids related to the Longxianggai granite. Tourmalines from the stratiform and vein ores in the Changpo-Tongkeng deposit are extremely Mg-rich and mostly belong to the dravite series. They have high contents of Sc, V, Cr, Sr, and Sn and show positive Eu anomalies. The δ 11 B values of these B-and Sn-rich fluids are estimated to be between −15 and −10‰, suggesting that the fluids also have a magmatic hydrothermal origin. These fluids are most likely derived from the same granitic magma source, but may have interacted with the Devonian volcanic rocks.

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Tourmaline in the Passagem de Mariana gold deposit (Brazil) revisited: major-element, trace-element and B-isotope constraints on metallogenesis

Cited by 39 publications

References 51 publications

Tourmaline as a Recorder of Ore-Forming Processes in the Xuebaoding W-Sn-Be Deposit, Sichuan Province, China: Evidence from the Chemical Composition of Tourmaline

Tourmaline as a Recorder of Ore-Forming Processes in the Xuebaoding W-Sn-Be Deposit, Sichuan Province, China: Evidence from the Chemical Composition of Tourmaline

Tourmaline as a Tracer of Late-Magmatic to Hydrothermal Fluid Evolution: The World-Class San Rafael Tin (-Copper) Deposit, Peru

Chemical and boron isotopic compositions of tourmaline at the Dachang Sn-polymetallic ore district in South China: Constraints on the origin and evolution of hydrothermal fluids

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