Toward a better understanding of habituation process to human observer: A statistical approach in Macaca leonina (Primates: Cercopithecidea)

Gazagne, Eva; Hambuckers, Alain; Savini, Tommaso; Poncin, Pascal; Huynen, Marie‐Claude; Brotcorne, Fany

doi:10.26107/rbz-2020-0085

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The nutritional geometry approach has thus been extended to observational studies of animals in the wild. These studies have principally involved primates, because they readily habituate to the presence of researchers, mostly have defined home ranges, and form stable social groups, all of which make it possible to collect detailed feeding data over timescales that would be difficult or impossible for many other taxa [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards an integrated understanding of dietary phenotypes

Raubenheimer,

Hou,

Dong

et al. 2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Diet and nutrition comprise a complex, multi-faceted interface between animal biology and food environments. With accumulating information on the many facets of this association arises a need for systems-based approaches that integrate dietary components and their links with ecology, feeding, post-ingestive processes and the functional and ecological consequences of these interactions. We briefly show how a modelling approach, nutritional geometry, has used the experimental control afforded in laboratory studies to begin to unravel these links. Laboratory studies, however, have limited ability to establish whether and how the feeding and physiological mechanisms interface with realistic ecological environments. We next provide an overview of observational field studies of free-ranging primates that have examined this, producing largely correlative data suggesting that similar feeding mechanisms operate in the wild as in the laboratory. Significant challenges remain, however, in establishing causal links between feeding, resource variation and physiological processes in the wild. We end with a more detailed account of two studies of temperate primates that have capitalized on the discrete variation provided by seasonal environments to strengthen causal inference in field studies and link patterns of intake to dynamics of nutrient processing. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals’.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards an integrated understanding of dietary phenotypes

Raubenheimer,

Hou,

Dong

et al. 2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…≥100 km 2 as in our study framework) is difficult, and primates that can be hard to detect present particular challenges (Buckland et al 2010). In fact, estimating population abundance and distribution can be resource-intensive and time-consuming, because primate species often live in remote, densely vegetated areas; they are cryptic, can occur at low densities, occupy a large home range, are highly mobile, and are likely to respond to the presence of a researcher without previous habituation (Keane et al 2012;Gazagne et al 2020a). These ecological characteristics fall within the assumptions of many survey techniques, including imperfect detection, where animals are not detected even if they are present in the sampled area (MacKenzie et al 2002;Tyre et al 2003) or nonlinear relationships between the number of encounters and effort devoted to searching (Keane et al 2011;MacKenzie et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, contrary to other species, most data on primate habitat selection and distribution come from animals habituated to human observers, which can be a highly timeconsuming process (e.g. >7 years for western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla); Doran-Sheehy et al (2007), 5-15 years for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes); Bertolani and Boesch (2008), >7 months for moor macaque (Macaca maura); Hanson and Riley (2018), and >13 months for northern pigtailed macaque (Macaca leonina); Gazagne et al (2020a)). However, because of escalating anthropogenic pressure on primates and their habitat, nearly 60% of primate species are now threatened with extinction and 75% have declining populations worldwide (Estrada et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a degraded habitat, they can be difficult to detect without previous habituation to human observers or because of decreased visibility (i.e. thick vegetation), and they show increased sensitivity to humans due to previous disturbances (Gazagne et al 2020a). These characteristics make the northern pigtailed macaque a choice candidate to test random walk grid surveys.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elusive species and where to find them: assessment of survey protocols for primates habitat selection

Gazagne

Wilputte²,

Ngoprasert³

et al. 2023

Wildlife Res.

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Context With the ongoing biodiversity crisis and the continued loss of species, it becomes crucial to find practical solutions to monitor threatened animal populations for wildlife conservation and management. However, in practice, monitoring is especially challenging for elusive, rare, and wide-ranging species, where estimating abundance is often expensive and time-consuming. Alternatively, estimating occupancy (i.e. detection/non-detection data) may be less resource-intensive, while still providing useful information for monitoring population trends. Aims We aimed to describe a new field method, the random walk grid survey, to conduct a habitat selection study on elusive diurnal forest-dwelling primates. We explored how to improve occupancy estimates when detection probability is low and determined the minimal effort needed for reasonable estimates on the species habitat selection by using site-occupancy models. Methods We collected data to assess the northern pigtailed macaques’ (Macaca leonina) occupancy and detection probability using a random walk survey of degraded forest fragments in Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve in Northeast Thailand. We ran simulations to identify what is required for minimum survey efforts to obtain reasonable estimates of occupancy and detection probability on small or relatively large spatial scales, covering a small primate community in Southeast Asia. Key results Simulations showed that the probability of detecting macaques increased dramatically with an increased survey effort. However, compared with similar line-transect survey methods, the random walk grid survey was less time-consuming. Additionally, the occupancy and habitat selection estimates were similar to our knowledge of macaque distribution within the study area. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the new random walk grid survey method is effective to assess the elusive northern pigtailed macaques’ occupancy, and to provide reliable data on habitat selection where there is low macaque abundance and detection probability in a degraded forest fragment. Implications Our survey protocol could be used as a starting point to target high location occupancy to start habituation processes, but also for further intensive studies on primate behaviour and habitat use of primate communities. Finally, combining the random walk grid survey with automated recording devices (e.g. camera traps or passive acoustic surveys) could help improve occupancy and detection probability estimates for long-term monitoring programs and over large spatial scales.

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“…Ordinarily, the risk perceived by animals and the associated human disturbance effects should increase as the number of humans in an area increases (Beale & Monaghan, 2004), but habituation or tolerance to non-lethal human presence may cause a waning of responses to humans, thereby resulting in a decline of sensitivity (shorter FID) as the number of people in an area increases (Mikula, 2014;Webb & Blumstein, 2005). Many studies have shown the behavioural waning of responsiveness by wildlife to repeated, non-lethal stimuli over time (Cavalli et al, 2018;Gazagne et al, 2020;Raderschall et al, 2011;Rankin et al, 2009;Whittaker & Knight, 1998). Wildlife is therefore expected to be more habituated to humans in sites with greater human use (Mbise et al, 2020;Rodriguez-Prieto et al, 2009;Webb & Blumstein, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Level of local human disturbance and feeding state determines escape behaviour in Eurasian Oystercatchers

Azaki

Cresswell

2021

Ethology

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Human disturbances may constitute a significant stressor for wildlife, especially where human recreational activities overlap with fitness‐enhancing activities such as feeding. Disturbances cause an animal to flee from the perceived predation risk, using energy, rather than remaining and gaining energy. Such reactions are, however, context‐dependent, as predicted by optimal escape theory: animals should only flee when the perceived risk of predation of remaining exceeds the risk of starvation of leaving. Animals may also learn that humans do not generally represent a predation risk after repeated false alarms and then learn to only respond when approached deliberately and closely. We tested the Flight Initiation Distance (FID; distance at which an approached animal begins escape) of feeding or roosting Eurasian Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus (oystercatchers) to a human (as a simulated predator) in areas with or without humans on beaches in south‐east Scotland. We predicted roosting oystercatchers to respond earlier (greater FID) than feeding birds because the risk of starvation will be lower, and earlier on beaches where there were no humans at the start of the experiment because a human will then represent a more novel predator signal. As predicted, oystercatchers escaped at greater distances away from the perceived threat when feeding and in areas with humans. We found that escape distances decreased (greater tolerance of the perceived threat) as the number of people in an area increased, but people being present or not explained more of the variation in the data. The results show that oystercatchers habituate on a short timescale to non‐lethal human presence and generally respond to perceived predation risk in accordance with the predictions of optimal escape theory.

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Toward a better understanding of habituation process to human observer: A statistical approach in Macaca leonina (Primates: Cercopithecidea)

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Towards an integrated understanding of dietary phenotypes

Towards an integrated understanding of dietary phenotypes

Elusive species and where to find them: assessment of survey protocols for primates habitat selection

Level of local human disturbance and feeding state determines escape behaviour in Eurasian Oystercatchers

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