Toward a General Theory of Action

Parsons, Talcott; Shils, Edward

doi:10.4324/9781351301527

Cited by 112 publications

(127 citation statements)

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“…For example, Hofstede (, p. 9) treats culture as ‘the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another’ and he explains that the ‘mind’ stands for thinking, feeling and acting. Cultures can be characterised by the help of distinct dimensions and many different sets of dimensions can be found in literature in order to classify cultures (for example, Parsons & Shils ; Kluckhohn & Strodbeck ; Schwartz ; Inglehart & Baker ; House et al . ).…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culture and Innovation: Evidence from the European Union and Neighbouring Countries

Kaasa

2016

Tijd voor Econ & Soc Geog

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This exploratory study investigates the effect of different cultural dimensions on different innovation indicators covering as many EU countries and neighbouring countries as possible. The measures of cultural dimensions were composed on the basis of the EVS/WVS data with the help of confirmatory factor analysis. Correlation, regression, graphical and cluster analyses were used. It was confirmed that innovation processes are strongly reliant on culture: power distance, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity turned out to be negatively and individualism positively related to innovation performance. The final innovation performance may develop on the basis of the combined effect of the four cultural dimensions that may or may not balance each other in a particular country. Hence, the Culture Index was calculated on the basis of the four cultural dimensions and it appeared to explain the differences in innovation performance between different countries quite well.

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Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culture and Innovation: Evidence from the European Union and Neighbouring Countries

Kaasa

2016

Tijd voor Econ & Soc Geog

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“…In Western societies, masculine and feminine personality traits are associated with instrumental agentic and communal expressive tendencies, respectively (Parsons & Shils, 1952). Instrumental agentic tendencies are concerned with the pursuit of goals that have personal consequences (Meyers-Levy, 1988).…”

Section: Gender Identitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender identity and brand incongruence: when in doubt, pursue masculinity

Neale

Robbie

Martin

2015

Journal of Strategic Marketing

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Gender identity is the extent to which an individual identifies with masculine or feminine personality traits. Sex roles in Western societies continue to evolve, so this research examines the developing relationship between gender identity and consumer responses to gendered branding. Grounded in self-congruency theory [Sirgy, M. J. (1982). Selfconcept in consumer behavior: A critical review. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 287-300], the present research reports an experiment that supports a congruence relationship between gender identity and brand response. Masculine consumers prefer masculine brands. The results also show incongruent brand rejection where masculine consumers react negatively to feminine brands although feminine consumers are more accepting of masculine brands. Further, the results suggest that gender identity is a more effective dimension for customer segmentation than biological sex. Overall, the results suggest that masculine brands are more effective than other gendered brand profiles for masculine, feminine, and androgynous consumers.

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“…Norms fall at the boundaries and interstices of the social sciences. Research is scattered across disparate literatures in sociology (Parsons & Shils, 1951), anthropology (Geertz, 1973), economics (Akerlof, 1976), political science (Axelrod, 1985), psychology (Ajzen, 1991;Cialdini, Reno, & Kallgren, 1990), public health (Neighbors et al, 2008), organizational behavior (Pillutla & Chen, 1999), and marketing (Englis & Solomon, 1995). Some disciplines, such as economics, study norms in the objective patterns of behavior in a social environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normology: Integrating insights about social norms to understand cultural dynamics

Morris

Hong

Chiu

et al. 2015

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

313

274

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Available online xxxx Accepted by X-P Chen a b s t r a c t This paper integrates social norm constructs from different disciplines into an integrated model. Norms exist in the objective social environment in the form of behavioral regularities, patterns of sanctioning, and institutionalized practices and rules. They exist subjectively in perceived descriptive norms, perceived injunctive norms, and personal norms. We also distil and delineate three classic theories of why people adhere to norms: internalization, social identity, and rational choice. Additionally, we articulate an emerging theory of how perceived descriptive and injunctive norms function as two distinct navigational devices that guide thoughts and behavior in different ways, which we term ''social autopilot'' and ''social radar.'' For each type of norms, we suggest how it may help to understand cultural dynamics at the micro level (the acquisition, variable influence and creative mutation of cultural knowledge) and the macro level (the transmission, diffusion and evolution of cultural practices). Having laid the groundwork for an integrated study of norm-normology, we then introduce the articles of this special issue contributing theoretical refinements and empirical evidence from different methods and levels of analysis. Managerial implications are discussed.

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Toward a General Theory of Action

Cited by 112 publications

References 0 publications

Culture and Innovation: Evidence from the European Union and Neighbouring Countries

Culture and Innovation: Evidence from the European Union and Neighbouring Countries

Gender identity and brand incongruence: when in doubt, pursue masculinity

Normology: Integrating insights about social norms to understand cultural dynamics

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