Toward a New Philosophy of Biology

Shaner, David Edward; Hutchinson, Robert Darren; Mayr, Ernst

doi:10.2307/1399238

Cited by 80 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Introgression is more likely to occur between recently evolved species, which tend to have less complex prezygotic or postzygotic reproductive barriers (Crispo et al., 2011). Matings between paraphyletic species often produce sterile offspring, which means they pose no risk of hybrid swamping (Mayr, 1988). We found that 83% of the hybridizations were between monophyletic species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…What defines a species is still being debated, and scientists have come up with 26 different species concepts thus far, none of which are comprehensive (Avise & Ball, 1990; Hausdorf, 2011). The most commonly accepted biological species concept describes a species as a group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups (Mayr, 1988). This puts a strong emphasis on barriers to gene flow, which are not always easy to determine between allopatric populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating hybrid speciation and swamping in wild carnivores with a decision‐tree approach

Tensen,

Fischer

2023

Conservation Biology

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Hybridization is an important evolutionary force with a principal role in the origin of new species, known as hybrid speciation. However, ongoing hybridization can create hybrid swamping, in which parental genomes are completely lost. This can become a biodiversity threat if it involves species that have adapted to certain environmental conditions and occur nowhere else. Because conservation scientists commonly have a negative attitude toward hybrids, it is important to improve understanding of the influence of interspecific gene flow on the persistence of species. We reviewed the literature on species hybridization to build a list of all known cases in the order Carnivora. To examine the relative impact, we also noted level of introgression, whether fertile offspring were produced, and whether there was mention of negative or positive evolutionary effects (hybrid speciation and swamping). To evaluate the conservation implications of hybrids, we developed a decision‐making tree with which to determine which actions should be taken to manage hybrid species . We found 53 hybrids involving 68 unique taxa, which is roughly 23% of all carnivore species. They mainly involved monophyletic (83%) and sympatric species (75%). For 2 species, the outcome of the assessment was to eliminate or restrict the hybrids: Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) and Scottish wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris). Both species hybridize with their domestic conspecifics. For all other cases, we suggest hybrids be protected in the same manner as native species. We found no evidence of genomic extinction in Carnivora. To the contrary, some species appear to be of hybrid origin, such as the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) and African golden wolf (Canis lupaster). Other positive outcomes of hybridization are novel genetic diversity, adaptation to extreme environments, and increased reproductive fitness. These outcomes are particularly valuable for counterbalancing genetic drift and enabling adaptive introgression in a human‐dominated world.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating hybrid speciation and swamping in wild carnivores with a decision‐tree approach

Tensen,

Fischer

2023

Conservation Biology

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False Suffocation Alarms, Spontaneous Panics, and Related Conditions

Klein

1993

Arch Gen Psychiatry

1,074

662

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A carbon dioxide hypersensitivity theory of panic has been posited. We hypothesize more broadly that a physiologic misinterpretation by a suffocation monitor misfires an evolved suffocation alarm system. This produces sudden respiratory distress followed swiftly by a brief hyperventilation, panic, and the urge to flee. Carbon dioxide hypersensitivity is seen as due to the deranged suffocation alarm monitor. If other indicators of potential suffocation provoke panic this theoretical extension is supported. We broadly pursue this theory by examining Ondine's curse as the physiologic and pharmacologic converse of panic disorder, splitting panic in terms of symptomatology and challenge studies, reevaluating the role of hyperventilation, and reinterpreting the contagiousness of sighing and yawning, as well as mass hysteria. Further, the phenomena of panic during relaxation and sleep, late luteal phase dysphoric disorder, pregnancy, childbirth, pulmonary disease, separation anxiety, and treatment are used to test and illuminate the suffocation false alarm theory.

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