Toward a Refined Definition of Monocyte Subsets

Ziegler-Heitbrock, Loems; Hofer, Thomas P.

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00023

Cited by 270 publications

(241 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…non-classical monocytes. It is currently widely assumed that blood monocyte subsets represent stages in a developmental sequence with non-classical monocytes being considered as the more mature monocytes (5). Therefore, a decrease in the circulating nonclassical monocyte population may be secondary to a deficient recruitment from the bone marrow, an imbalanced monocyte differentiation process, or a compartmentalization of these cells to the CNS as suggested by our findings on CSF and brain tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…This gating strategy, also used by other authors (discussed in Ref. 5), was chosen after staining for additional markers differentially expressed in non-classical versus intermediate monocytes (e.g., CD163). CSF samples were obtained by lumbar puncture and processed immediately for flow cytometry as described above following CSF centrifugation at 300 3 g for 10 min to pellet cells.…”

Section: Flow Cytometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pivotal Role for CD16+ Monocytes in Immune Surveillance of the Central Nervous System

Waschbisch

Schröder

Schraudner

et al. 2016

The Journal of Immunology

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Monocytes represent a heterogeneous population of primary immune effector cells. At least three different subsets can be distinguished based on expression of the low-affinity FcγRIII: CD14++CD16− classical monocytes, CD14++CD16+ intermediate monocytes, and CD14+CD16++ non-classical monocytes. Whereas CD16− classical monocytes are considered key players in multiple sclerosis (MS), little is known on CD16+ monocytes and how they contribute to the disease. In this study, we examined the frequency and phenotype of monocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain biopsy material derived from MS patients and controls. Furthermore, we addressed a possible monocyte dysfunction in MS and analyzed migratory properties of monocyte subsets using human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Our ex vivo studies demonstrated that CD16+ monocyte subpopulations are functional but numerically reduced in the peripheral blood of MS patients. CD16+ monocytes with an intermediate-like phenotype were found to be enriched in CSF and dominated the CSF monocyte population under noninflammatory conditions. In contrast, an inversed CD16+ to CD16− CSF monocyte ratio was observed in MS patients with relapsing-remitting disease. Newly infiltrating, hematogenous CD16+ monocytes were detected in a perivascular location within active MS lesions, and CD16+ monocytes facilitated CD4+ T cell trafficking in a blood–brain barrier model. Our findings support an important role of CD16+ monocytes in the steady-state immune surveillance of the CNS and suggest that CD16+ monocytes shift to sites of inflammation and contribute to the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier in CNS autoimmune diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Flow Cytometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pivotal Role for CD16+ Monocytes in Immune Surveillance of the Central Nervous System

Waschbisch

Schröder

Schraudner

et al. 2016

The Journal of Immunology

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“…However, the short half-life of these cells (≈2 weeks) do not allow the assessment of persistent DNA damage over time, in contrast to the long-lived T lymphocytes. 28 Because of the potential impacts of aging on the susceptibility of lymphocytes DNA damage and repair, our results might not be translated to older subjects. 29,30 Despite our data support our conclusions, we acknowledge that a concurrently studied control group of similar size as our study population with blinded blood samples being processed in the same analysis set could have strengthened our findings further by eliminating any possible methodological issues.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Effects of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance on Human Blood Cells

Lancellotti

Nchimi

Delierneux

et al. 2015

Circ: Cardiovascular Imaging

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The study was approved by the local Institutional Human Research Committee and conducted according to the ethical guidelines and principles of the international Helsinki declaration. After informed consent, 20 healthy male subjects ≥20 years (31.4±7.9 years) with normal physical cardiac examination (with no systolic nor diastolic murmur), normal ECG, without history of any cardiovascular disease or history of current smoking, no chronic excessive alcohol consumption, not currently on medical therapy with cardio-active drugs were prospectively recruited. Every volunteer was asked not to practice Background-Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is increasingly used for the diagnosis and management of cardiac diseases. Recent studies have reported immediate post-CMR DNA double-strand breaks in T lymphocytes. We sought to evaluate CMR-induced DNA damage in lymphocytes, alterations of blood cells, and their temporal persistence. Methods and Results-In 20 prospectively enrolled healthy men (31.4±7.9 years), blood was drawn before and after (1-2 hours, 2 days, 1 month, and 1 year) unenhanced 1.5T CMR. Blood cell counts, cell death, and activation status of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets were evaluated. The first 2-hour post-CMR were characterized by a small increase of lymphocyte B and neutrophil counts and a transient drop of total lymphocytes because of a decrease in natural killer cells. Among blood cells, only neutrophils and monocytes displayed slight and transient activation.DNA double-strand breaks in lymphocytes were quantified through flow cytometric analysis of H2AX phosphorylation (γ-H2AX). γ-H2AX intensity in T lymphocytes did not change early after CMR but increased significantly at day 2 ≤1 month before returning to baseline levels of 1-year post-CMR. Conclusions-Unenhanced CMR is associated with minor but significant immediate blood cell alterations or activations figuring inflammatory response, as well as DNA damage in T lymphocytes observed from day 2 until the first month but disappearing at 1-year follow-up. Although further studies are required to definitely state whether CMR can be used safely, our findings already call for caution when it comes to repeat this examination within a month. (Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:e003697.

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“…In this plot, the classical, nonclassical, and intermediate monocytes were separated by a vertical line to the left of the classical monocytes. 20,21 Alternatively, slan expression on the DR-positive cells was displayed in a 1-color histogram. The slan-positive and slan-negative cells were then displayed in a CD14/CD16 histogram, and the slan-positive CD16-positive nonclassical monocytes and the slan-negative CD16-positive intermediate monocytes were determined.…”

Section: Gating Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%