Toward a Systems Approach to Understanding Plant Cell Walls

Somerville, Chris; Bauer, Štefan; Brininstool, Ginger; Facette, Michelle R; Hamann, Thorsten; Milne, Jennifer L.; Osborne, Erin; Paredez, Alexander R.; Persson, Staffan; Raab, Theodore K.; Vorwerk, Sonja; Youngs, Heather

doi:10.1126/science.1102765

Cited by 1,126 publications

(908 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Thickness or reinforcement of the cell wall plays important roles in counteracting the penetration of fungal pathogens [66,67]. Consistent with ROS accumulation and cross-linking of cell wall proteins, OsBBI1-OE plants develop thicker cell walls, while the osbbi1 mutant generates thinner walls compared with corresponding WT plants ( Figure 6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

Rice RING protein OsBBI1 with E3 ligase activity confers broad-spectrum resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae by modifying the cell wall defence

Zhong

et al. 2011

Cell Res

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Emerging evidence suggests that E3 ligases play critical roles in diverse biological processes, including innate immune responses in plants. However, the mechanism of the E3 ligase involvement in plant innate immunity is unclear. We report that a rice gene, OsBBI1, encoding a RING finger protein with E3 ligase activity, mediates broad-spectrum disease resistance. The expression of OsBBI1 was induced by rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, as well as chemical inducers, benzothiadiazole and salicylic acid. Biochemical analysis revealed that OsBBI1 protein possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro. Genetic analysis revealed that the loss of OsBBI1 function in a Tos17-insertion line increased susceptibility, while the overexpression of OsBBI1 in transgenic plants conferred enhanced resistance to multiple races of M. oryzae. This indicates that OsBBI1 modulates broad-spectrum resistance against the blast fungus. The OsBBI1-overexpressing plants showed higher levels of H 2 O 2 accumulation in cells and higher levels of phenolic compounds and cross-linking of proteins in cell walls at infection sites by M. oryzae compared with wild-type (WT) plants. The cell walls were thicker in the OsBBI1-overexpressing plants and thinner in the mutant plants than in the WT plants. Our results suggest that OsBBI1 modulates broad-spectrum resistance to blast fungus by modifying cell wall defence responses. The functional characterization of OsBBI1 provides insight into the E3 ligase-mediated innate immunity, and a practical tool for constructing broad-spectrum resistance against the most destructive disease in rice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

Rice RING protein OsBBI1 with E3 ligase activity confers broad-spectrum resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae by modifying the cell wall defence

Zhong

et al. 2011

Cell Res

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“…Relatively depleted in secondary walls, but rich in growing primary walls of dicot species, xyloglucan and pectins are two other polysaccharides in cell walls. Xyloglucan consists of β-(1-4)-linked glucose residues, modified by xylose and other sugar residues; and pectin is another branched or unbranched polymer that is rich in galacturonic acid, rhamnose, galactose, and several other monosaccharide residues (Somerville et al, 2004;Scheller and Ulvskov, 2010).…”

Section: Biomass Composition and Chemical Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between Biomass Composition and Liquid Products Formed via Pyrolysis

et al. 2015

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Thermal conversion of biomass is a rapid, low-cost way to produce a dense liquid product, known as bio-oil, that can be refined to transportation fuels. However, utilization of bio-oil is challenging due to its chemical complexity, acidity, and instability -all results of the intricate nature of biomass. A clear understanding of how biomass properties impact yield and composition of thermal products will provide guidance to optimize both biomass and conditions for thermal conversion. To aid elucidation of these associations, we first describe biomass polymers, including phenolics, polysaccharides, acetyl groups, and inorganic ions, and the chemical interactions among them. We then discuss evidence for three roles (i.e., models) for biomass components in the formation of liquid pyrolysis products: (1) as direct sources, (2) as catalysts, and (3) as indirect factors whereby chemical interactions among components and/or cell wall structural features impact thermal conversion products. We highlight associations that might be utilized to optimize biomass content prior to pyrolysis, though a more detailed characterization is required to understand indirect effects. In combination with high-throughput biomass characterization techniques, this knowledge will enable identification of biomass particularly suited for biofuel production and can also guide genetic engineering of bioenergy crops to improve biomass features.

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“…Lastly, there is a growing interest in the roles of endogenous glycoside hydrolases in primary plant cell wall remodeling (Vicente et al, 2007;Lopez-Casado et al, 2008;Minic, 2008). Nonetheless, we are far from having a holistic model of cell wall development for even a single wall or tissue type (Somerville et al, 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Group III-AXTHGenes of Arabidopsis Encode Predominant Xyloglucan Endohydrolases That Are Dispensable for Normal Growth

et al. 2012

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The molecular basis of primary wall extension endures as one of the central enigmas in plant cell morphogenesis. Classical cell wall models suggest that xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase activity is the primary catalyst (together with expansins) of controlled cell wall loosening through the transient cleavage and religation of xyloglucan-cellulose cross links. The genome of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains 33 phylogenetically diverse XYLOGLUCAN ENDO-TRANSGLYCOSYLASE/ HYDROLASE (XTH) gene products, two of which were predicted to be predominant xyloglucan endohydrolases due to clustering into group III-A. Enzyme kinetic analysis of recombinant AtXTH31 confirmed this prediction and indicated that this enzyme had similar catalytic properties to the nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) xyloglucanase1 responsible for storage xyloglucan hydrolysis during germination. Global analysis of Genevestigator data indicated that AtXTH31 and the paralogous AtXTH32 were abundantly expressed in expanding tissues. Microscopy analysis, utilizing the resorufin b-glycoside of the xyloglucan oligosaccharide XXXG as an in situ probe, indicated significant xyloglucan endohydrolase activity in specific regions of both roots and hypocotyls, in good correlation with transcriptomic data. Moreover, this hydrolytic activity was essentially completely eliminated in AtXTH31/AtXTH32 double knockout lines. However, single and double knockout lines, as well as individual overexpressing lines, of AtXTH31 and AtXTH32 did not demonstrate significant growth or developmental phenotypes. These results suggest that although xyloglucan polysaccharide hydrolysis occurs in parallel with primary wall expansion, morphological effects are subtle or may be compensated by other mechanisms. We hypothesize that there is likely to be an interplay between these xyloglucan endohydrolases and recently discovered apoplastic exo-glycosidases in the hydrolytic modification of matrix xyloglucans.

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Toward a Systems Approach to Understanding Plant Cell Walls

Cited by 1,126 publications

References 91 publications

Rice RING protein OsBBI1 with E3 ligase activity confers broad-spectrum resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae by modifying the cell wall defence

Rice RING protein OsBBI1 with E3 ligase activity confers broad-spectrum resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae by modifying the cell wall defence

Relationships between Biomass Composition and Liquid Products Formed via Pyrolysis

Group III-AXTHGenes of Arabidopsis Encode Predominant Xyloglucan Endohydrolases That Are Dispensable for Normal Growth

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