Toward improved understanding of foot shape, foot posture, and foot biomechanics during running: A narrative review

Mei, Qichang; Kim, Hyun Kyung; Xiang, Liangliang; Shim, Vickie; Wang, Alan; Baker, Julien S.; Gu, Yaodong; Fernandez, Justin

doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.1062598

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…An issue with 3D shapes and dynamic measurements is capturing the varying 3D shape over time, i.e., analysing a four-dimensional (4D) foot shape. Recent research has been promising in this area, and it is hoped that it continues to develop so foot morphology during gait can be compared to a general population for abnormalities, with footwear and treatment considerations from a functional perspective [ 51 , 52 ]. The use of 4D foot morphology assessment would also be beneficial for longitudinal analysis to assess if the foot develops as described here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Future research could compare 3D foot shape with injury and/or pain development in participants to discover if any foot morphological features are associated with risk of injury or pain. This could inform cut-offs and abnormal ranges for 3D foot morphology for clinicians, and work similar to Stanković et al for detecting abnormalities may streamline and standardise clinical assessment and treatment [ 51 , 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship of three‐dimensional foot morphology to clinical assessments and postural stability in adolescent male footballers

Fallon Verbruggen,

Marenčáková,

Zahálka

2023

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

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Background Foot morphology is associated with altered loading of the ankle–foot complex in adolescent footballers, predisposing to pain and injury. However, usual singular plane clinical assessments do not accurately capture the 3D nature of foot morphology. A new approach is 3D laser scanning, with statistical shape model techniques creating individual-to-group comparison. However, no research exists on the adolescent, football-playing foot. Furthermore, a link between 3D foot morphology, and usual clinical and performance measures would be beneficial for practical implementation. Methods Four hundred forty-seven 3D foot scans from 224 elite male footballers (U12-U19) in bilateral stance were collected and further processed with statistical shape model techniques. Weighted shape parameters for individual principal components (Modes) were extracted for each foot. Centre of pressure displacement expressed as total travelled way in millimetres was calculated for bilateral and unilateral postural stability measures. Clinical assessments (Clarke’s Angle, Resting Calcaneal Stance Position) were calculated on the 3D foot scans. Differences in weighted shape parameters, postural stability measures, and clinical assessments between age groups were determined by ANOVA. Correlations determined the relationship of Modes and clinical assessments to postural stability measures. Linear regression established if clinical assessments predicted the mode describing foot arch variation. Results Age groups significantly differed for Mode 1 (foot length), Mode 2 (foot arch), and Mode 5 (tibial rotation relative to the foot) (p < 0.05). Resting Calcaneal Stance Position (r = .663) and Clarke’s Angle (r = -.445) were low-to-moderately correlated to Mode 2 (both p < 0.001), and linear regression found they were both significant predictors of Mode 2, though only moderately (R2 = .522). There were low correlations of foot morphology to the postural stability tests. Conclusion This is the first study to describe the 3D foot morphology of male football-playing adolescents, and discover the differences between age groups. This will improve understanding and assessment of foot morphology in male adolescents because 2D techniques, as discovered in this study, do not strongly correlate to, nor predict, the 3D foot arch. Foot morphology was only lowly correlated to postural stability, thus a multifaceted program would be required for improvements.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship of three‐dimensional foot morphology to clinical assessments and postural stability in adolescent male footballers

Fallon Verbruggen,

Marenčáková,

Zahálka

2023

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

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“…On one hand, the shape of the foot is not static and can vary depending on individual characteristics. For example, foot shape morphs during dynamic running or walking situations, and its morphology variations may further result in shoes being ill-fitted, while ill-fitted footwear has been shown to be related to dermatologic problems 17 , 18 , 22 . On the other hand, the foot exhibits a sophisticated structure with a high density of sweat glands and intricate blood vessel orientation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of changes in foot morphology and temperature on bruised toenail injury risk during running

Song,

Cen,

Sun

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Despite runners frequently suffering from dermatologic issues during long distance running, there is no compelling evidence quantitatively investigating their underlying injury mechanism. This study aimed to determine the foot morphology and temperature changes during long distance running and reveal the effect of these alterations on the injury risk of bruised toenail by measuring the subjective-perceived hallux comfort and gap length between the hallux and toebox of the shoe. Ten recreational runners participated in the experimental tests before (baseline), immediately after 5 and 10 km of treadmill running (12 km/h), in which the foot morphology was measured by a 3D foot scanner, the foot temperature was detected by an infrared camera, the perceived comfort was recorded by a visual analogue scale, and the gap length in the sagittal plane was captured by a high-speed camera. Ball width became narrower (106.39 ± 6.55 mm) and arch height (12.20 ± 2.34 mm) was reduced greatly after the 10 km run (p < 0.05). Foot temperature increased significantly after 5 and 10 km of running, and the temperature of dorsal hallux (35.12 ± 1.46 °C), dorsal metatarsal (35.92 ± 1.59 °C), and medial plantar metatarsal (37.26 ± 1.34 °C) regions continued to increase greatly from 5 to 10 km of running (p < 0.05). Regarding hallux comfort, the perceived scores significantly reduced after 5 and 10 km of running (2.10 ± 0.99, p < 0.05). In addition, during one running gait cycle, there was a significant increase in gap length at initial contact (39.56 ± 6.45 mm, p < 0.05) for a 10 km run, followed by a notable decrease upon reaching midstance (29.28 ± 6.81 mm, p < 0.05). It is concluded that the reduced ball width and arch height while increased foot temperature during long-distance running would exacerbate foot-shoe interaction, potentially responsible for bruised toenail injuries.

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“…Further, previous research identified that biomechanical models for normal-weight adults are inaccurate and unreliable for describing mechanics of adults with obesity [ 17 , 18 ]. As a result, obesity-specific marker sets incorporating additional reflective and digitized markers around the pelvis have been established to more accurately measure gait biomechanics with OMC in this population [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity-Specific Considerations for Assessing Gait with Inertial Measurement Unit-Based vs. Optokinetic Motion Capture

Rekant,

Rothenberger,

Chambers

2024

Sensors

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Adults with obesity experience high rates of disability and rapid functional decline. Identifying movement dysfunction early can direct intervention and disrupt disability development; however, subtle changes in movement are difficult to detect with the naked eye. This study evaluated how a portable, inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based motion capture system compares to a laboratory-based optokinetic motion capture (OMC) system for evaluating gait kinematics in adults with obesity. Ten adults with obesity performed overground walking while equipped with the OMC and IMU systems. Fifteen gait cycles for each participant were extracted for the 150 total cycles analyzed. Kinematics were compared between OMC and IMU across the gait cycles (coefficient of multiple correlations), at clinically significant time points (interclass correlations), and over clinically relevant ranges (Bland–Altman plots). Sagittal plane kinematics were most similar between systems, especially at the knee. Sagittal plane joint angles at clinically meaningful timepoints were poorly associated except for ankle dorsiflexion at heel strike (ρ = 0.38) and minimum angle (ρ = 0.83). All motions except for ankle dorsiflexion and hip abduction had >5° difference between systems across the range of angles measured. While IMU-based motion capture shows promise for detecting subtle gait changes in adults with obesity, more work is needed before this method can replace traditional OMC. Future work should explore standardization procedures to improve consistency of IMU motion capture performance.

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Toward improved understanding of foot shape, foot posture, and foot biomechanics during running: A narrative review

Cited by 10 publications

References 149 publications

The relationship of three‐dimensional foot morphology to clinical assessments and postural stability in adolescent male footballers

The relationship of three‐dimensional foot morphology to clinical assessments and postural stability in adolescent male footballers

Influence of changes in foot morphology and temperature on bruised toenail injury risk during running

Obesity-Specific Considerations for Assessing Gait with Inertial Measurement Unit-Based vs. Optokinetic Motion Capture

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