Toward understanding sex differences in pay allocation: Agency, communion, and reward distribution behavior

Watts, Barbara; Messé, Lawrence A.; Vallacher, Robin R.

doi:10.1007/bf00287944

Cited by 44 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Men are found to be more assertive than women, while women are more sensitive and considerate (Feingold, 1994). Moreover, men are expected to be relatively more aggressive and autonomous (Hoffman and Hurst, 1990) and focus on the self (Watts, Messé and Vallacher, 1982), i.e., displaying a relatively high tendency toward challenging the paradigm and independence. However, women reflect the consideration of both self and other (Watts, Messé and Vallacher, 1982).…”

Section: Message Sources and Recipients' Gendermentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Moreover, men are expected to be relatively more aggressive and autonomous (Hoffman and Hurst, 1990) and focus on the self (Watts, Messé and Vallacher, 1982), i.e., displaying a relatively high tendency toward challenging the paradigm and independence. However, women reflect the consideration of both self and other (Watts, Messé and Vallacher, 1982). According to these discussions, we therefore hypothesize the following: H1: Internet spreading behavior of men is more likely to be influenced by negative message sources than positive sources.…”

Section: Message Sources and Recipients' Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Viral Marketing: A Study of E-Mail Spreading Behavior Across Gender

Chiu

Lee

Chen³

2007

Journal of Website Promotion

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Businesses use viral marketing to build traffic and website awareness. Despite the fact that there are some successful examples, it is not clear how viral marketing works. This study examines the drivers of e-mail spreading behavior, such as message sources, message content, and network connection speed. Gender is used as a moderator in this study. After constructing an experimental design, 384 undergraduate students were asked to read a simulated e-mail and answer a corresponding questionnaire. The results provide evidence that partially supports the hypotheses. Managerial implications and future directions are then discussed. doi:

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Section: Message Sources and Recipients' Gendermentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Message Sources and Recipients' Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Marketing: A Study of E-Mail Spreading Behavior Across Gender

Chiu

Lee

Chen³

2007

Journal of Website Promotion

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“…In the same vein, the gender of the recipient of an allocation has also been shown to affect the decisions to divide a resource equitably or equally. Although women generally tend to take fewer resources for themselves than do men in all allocation situations (Austin & McGinn, 1977; Kahn, Nelson, & Gaeddert, 1980; Stake, 1985; Watts, Messé, & Vallacher, 1982), female recipients are likely to be given more favourable allocations, on average, than male recipients, regardless of the gender of the allocator (Callahan‐Levy & Messé, 1979). One possible explanation for this finding is that people may use their socialized expectations regarding gender norms to determine the correct allocation decision (Kahn, O'Leary, et al , 1980).…”

Section: Gender Justice and Allocationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Positive mood informs the individual that the environment is safe and comfortable, with no need to scrutinize contextual information, rendering information processing less systematic (see Bless & Schwarz, 1999 for review; Murray, Hirt, Sujan, & Sujan, 1990; Schwarz, 1990). The reverse is true when a person is in a negative mood, wherein information processing is more systematic and controlled (Isen & Means, 1983; Rosch, 1975; Sinclair, 1988; Sinclair & Mark, 1995).…”

Section: Mood and Justicementioning

confidence: 99%

Gender, mood state, and justice preference: Do mood states moderate gender‐based norms of justice?

Inness

Desmarais

Day

2005

British J Social Psychol

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The present study extends research on distributive justice by investigating whether a person's mood state moderates the robust effects of gender norms on allocation decisions. One hundred and eighty undergraduates (90 men: 90 women) were asked to undergo a mood induction procedure in which they were randomly assigned to a positive, negative, or neutral mood condition, and to work on a task with either a male or female co-worker (confederate). This resulted in a 2 (gender of participant) x 2 (gender of confederate) x 3 (positive vs. neutral vs. negative mood) between-subjects factorial design. Following completion of the task, participants were informed that they did 60% of the work and their co-worker did 40%. They were then asked to divide money between themselves and their co-worker in a way that they considered fair. The analysis revealed a three-way interaction in participants self-payment whereby men in a negative mood, working with other men took more pay for themselves than did participants in all other conditions. Specifically, 60% of the participants in this condition, allocated the payment either equitably or in a manner suggesting even greater self-interest. These results support the view that gender effects are strongly influenced by the presence of other relevant contextual cues.

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“…Because there is a connection between the principle of equality, the pursuit of interpersonal harmony, and stereotypes that women should be kind, interpersonally sensitive, and concerned for others (Kahn et al, ; Watts et al, ), I also expect violations of the equality norm to be associated with a failure to behave as women “should.” Although individuals who fail to use equality in a situation that calls for interpersonal harmony face penalties for this justice violation (Leung & Park, ), observers are also likely to make additional inferences about those who breach equality. The violation of an equality norm conveys that the decision maker is not interpersonally oriented and lacks a desire to develop personal relationships and minimize conflict—an inference that is likely to be more detrimental to women than to men.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

When distributive justice and gender stereotypes coincide: Reactions to equity and equality violations

Caleo

2018

J Applied Social Pyschol

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The current study explores how prescriptive gender stereotypes shape reactions to resource allocations. Starting from the premise that the equity norm necessitates stereotypically male behavior and the equality norm necessitates stereotypically female behavior, I propose that men and women face differing consequences for violating equity and equality. These ideas were tested in two experiments, with participants reviewing how a manager divided resources between subordinates. Results partially supported the hypotheses. Although findings indicate that decision makers were evaluated negatively for using equality in a situation that called for equity, men received less favorable ratings and were viewed as less agentic than women for this violation. This work suggests that distributive justice norms and prescriptive gender stereotypes can exert a combined effect on reactions to allocation decisions.

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Toward understanding sex differences in pay allocation: Agency, communion, and reward distribution behavior

Cited by 44 publications

References 14 publications

Viral Marketing: A Study of E-Mail Spreading Behavior Across Gender

Viral Marketing: A Study of E-Mail Spreading Behavior Across Gender

Gender, mood state, and justice preference: Do mood states moderate gender‐based norms of justice?

When distributive justice and gender stereotypes coincide: Reactions to equity and equality violations

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