Towards a CO2 infrastructure in North-Western Europe: Legalities, costs and organizational aspects

Benchmarking of CO2 transport technologies: Part I—Onshore pipeline and shipping between two onshore areas

“…For instance, pipelines have significantly lower investment costs in North American models than NorthWest European models. As an example, the NETL cost model developed by the University of California (Parker, 2004) led to investment costs that were 40% lower on average than the model suggested by Mikunda et al (Mikunda et al, 2011) for North-Western Europe.…”

“…Several pipeline costs models for CO2 have been published in the course of the past ten years (Chandel et al, 2010;Heddle et al, 2003;International Energy Agency GreenHouse Gas R&D Program (IEAGHG), 2005;McCoy, 2009;Mikunda et al, 2011;Parker, 2004;Serpa et al, 2011), with important discrepancies among them. Some of the models are only based on a gas pipeline cost model and do not take into account the lineic mass differences, or are not based on the same geographical region.…”

“…Other studies, such as the ZEP report (European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants (ZEP), 2011), the IPCC special report (Metz et al, 2005) and the EU FP7 CO2Europipe project (Mikunda et al, 2011) have estimated the cost of onshore pipeline, offshore pipeline and shipping to an offshore field. However the comparison between an onshore pipeline and shipping to an offshore field, instead of the comparison with the shipping between two onshore harbours, cannot directly be compared be compared to our results.…”

“…The annual fixed operating cost is set to 6% of investment costs for process units (Chauvel, 2003). The annual fixed operating costs are assumed to be a fixed yearly kilometric cost independent of the pipeline diameter and equal to 6,633 €/km/y (Mikunda et al, 2011). The annual fixed operating cost per ship is a constant function of the ship size (Drewry, 2009;Roussanaly et al, 2013b) as presented in Table 5.…”

“…• Pipeline methodology The pipeline investment costs are determined assuming a CAPEX for onshore pipeline of 47,377 €2009/"/km 11 based on the EU FP7 CO2Europipe project (Mikunda et al, 2011). This cost, adapted to a North-West European concept, is based on a maximum operating pressure of 150 bar for onshore transport.…”