Towards a Dynamic Model of the Kangaroo Knee for Clinical Insights into Human Knee Pathology and Treatment: Establishing a Static Biomechanical Profile

Fatima, Manaal; Scholes, Corey; Zhong, Emily; Kohan, Lawrence

doi:10.3390/biomimetics4030052

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Dominguez and Agnew (2016) suggested that respiration evokes predominantly tension on the cutaneous rib cortex, and compression in the plural rib cortex. Comparing the kangaroo patterns of biomechanical demands to those seen in humans (Fatima et al 2019), the relatively high vascularity of the rib can be used as evidence that indeed the rib is metabolically more sensitive than the other bones considered in our study. However, this is not to say that the biomechanical loading of the rib is negligent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…This is the first report of kangaroo bone vessel densities across a series of major bones of the skeleton. Kangaroos share several biomechanical demands with humans due to their use of bipedal locomotion (Fatima et al 2019) and could thus provide a useful skeletal model for studying metabolic influence on bone microstructure in the future. Maximum length in mm (Max.Length) Measured along the bone long axis, which was straight for the limb bones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intra-skeletal vascular density in a bipedal hopping macropod with implications for analyses of rib histology

2021

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Human ribs are thought to be less affected by mechanical strain at the microscopic level than limb bones, implying that rib remodeling better reflects bone physiological homeostasis. Here, we test the hypothesis that rib tissue will be well vascularized and thus enhance susceptibility to metabolic influence. An intra-skeletal comparison of bone vascular canal density was conducted using a macropod animal model adapted to bipedal habitual hopping. The right humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, a mid-thoracic and upper-thoracic rib of an eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) were sectioned at the midshaft, from which histological sections were prepared. Bone vascularity from a maximum of 12 mm 2 of sub-periosteal parallel-fibred and lamellar bone was recorded, resulting in a total of 2,047 counted vessels. Vascular canal density data were corrected by cortical width, maximum length, and midshaft circumference robusticity indices computed for each bone. The fibula consistently had the highest vascular canal density, even when corrected for maximum length, cortical width and midshaft circumference robusticities. This was followed by the mid-and upperthoracic ribs. Vascularity differences between bones were relatively consistent whether vascular canal density was controlled for by cortical width or midshaft circumference robusticities. Vascular canal density and robusticity indices were also positively and negatively correlated (p < 0.05). Results confirm that the ribs are well vascularized, which facilitates bone metabolic processes such as remodeling, but the fibula also appears to be a well vascularized bone. Future research investigating human bone metabolism will benefit from examining thoracic rib or fibula samples.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra-skeletal vascular density in a bipedal hopping macropod with implications for analyses of rib histology

2021

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“…One such diverse anatomical feature is the patellar sesamoid (''kneecap'' or simply patella). Sesamoids are skeletal elements found in connective tissues near joints (Vickaryous & Olson, 2007;Abdala et al, 2019), that can modify the forces acting across it (e.g., acting as levers; Alexander & Dimery, 1985;Fatima et al, 2019) and protect periarticular structures. In an intriguing departure from the mammalian norm amongst monotremes and placentals, many marsupials appear to lack a bony patella (Reese et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the patella and patelloid in marsupial mammals

Denyer

Regnault

Hutchinson

2020

PeerJ

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The musculoskeletal system of marsupial mammals has numerous unusual features beyond the pouch and epipubic bones. One example is the widespread absence or reduction (to a fibrous “patelloid”) of the patella (“kneecap”) sesamoid bone, but prior studies with coarse sampling indicated complex patterns of evolution of this absence or reduction. Here, we conducted an in-depth investigation into the form of the patella of extant marsupial species and used the assembled dataset to reconstruct the likely pattern of evolution of the marsupial patella. Critical assessment of the available literature was followed by examination and imaging of museum specimens, as well as CT scanning and histological examination of dissected wet specimens. Our results, from sampling about 19% of extant marsupial species-level diversity, include new images and descriptions of the fibrocartilaginous patelloid in Thylacinus cynocephalus (the thylacine or “marsupial wolf”) and other marsupials as well as the ossified patella in Notoryctes ‘marsupial moles’, Caenolestes shrew opossums, bandicoots and bilbies. We found novel evidence of an ossified patella in one specimen of Macropus rufogriseus (Bennett’s wallaby), with hints of similar variation in other species. It remains uncertain whether such ossifications are ontogenetic variation, unusual individual variation, pathological or otherwise, but future studies must continue to be conscious of variation in metatherian patellar sesamoid morphology. Our evolutionary reconstructions using our assembled data vary, too, depending on the reconstruction algorithm used. A maximum likelihood algorithm favours ancestral fibrocartilaginous “patelloid” for crown clade Marsupialia and independent origins of ossified patellae in extinct sparassodonts, peramelids, notoryctids and caenolestids. A maximum parsimony algorithm favours ancestral ossified patella for the clade [Marsupialia + sparassodonts] and subsequent reductions into fibrocartilage in didelphids, dasyuromorphs and diprotodonts; but this result changed to agree more with the maximum likelihood results if the character state reconstructions were ordered. Thus, there is substantial homoplasy in marsupial patellae regardless of the evolutionary algorithm adopted. We contend that the most plausible inference, however, is that metatherians independently ossified their patellae at least three times in their evolution. Furthermore, the variability of the patellar state we observed, even within single species (e.g. M. rufogriseus), is fascinating and warrants further investigation, especially as it hints at developmental plasticity that might have been harnessed in marsupial evolution to drive the complex patterns inferred here.

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“…Sesamoids are skeletal elements found in connective tissues near joints (Vickaryous & Olson, 2007;Abdala et al, 2019), that can modify the forces acting across it (e.g. acting as levers; Alexander & Dimery, 1987;Fatima et al, 2019) and protect periarticular structures. In an intriguing departure from the mammalian norm amongst monotremes and placentals, many marsupials appear to lack a bony patella (Reese et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #2 of "Evolution of the patella and patelloid in marsupial mammals (v0.1)"

Berthaume¹

2020

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The musculoskeletal system of marsupial mammals has numerous unusual features beyond the pouch and epipubic bones. One example is the widespread absence or reduction (to a fibrous "patelloid") of the patella ("kneecap") sesamoid bone, but prior studies with coarse sampling indicated complex patterns of evolution of this absence or reduction. Here, we conducted an in-depth investigation into the form of the patella of extant marsupial species and used the assembled dataset to reconstruct the likely pattern of evolution of the marsupial patella. Critical assessment of the available literature was followed by examination and imaging of museum specimens, as well as CT scanning and histological examination of dissected wet specimens. Our results, from sampling about 19% of extant marsupial species-level diversity, include new images and descriptions of the fibrocartilaginous patelloid in Thylacinus cynocephalus (the thylacine or "marsupial wolf") and other marsupials as well as the ossified patella in Notoryctes 'marsupial moles', Caenolestes shrew opossums, bandicoots and bilbies. We found novel evidence of an ossified patella in one specimen of Macropus rufogriseus (Bennett's wallaby), with hints of similar variation in other species. It remains uncertain whether such ossifications are ontogenetic variation, unusual individual variation, pathological or otherwise, but future studies must continue to be conscious of variation in metatherian patellar sesamoid morphology. Our evolutionary reconstructions using our assembled data vary, too, depending on the reconstruction algorithm used. A maximum likelihood algorithm favours ancestral fibrocartilaginous "patelloid" for crown clade Marsupialia and independent origins of ossified patellae in extinct sparassodonts, peramelids, notoryctids and caenolestids. A maximum parsimony algorithm favours ancestral ossified patella for the clade [Marsupialia + sparassodonts] and subsequent reductions into fibrocartilage in didelphids, dasyuromorphs and diprotodonts; but this result changed to agree more with the maximum likelihood results if the character state reconstructions were ordered. Thus, there is substantial homoplasy in marsupial patellae regardless of the evolutionary

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Towards a Dynamic Model of the Kangaroo Knee for Clinical Insights into Human Knee Pathology and Treatment: Establishing a Static Biomechanical Profile

Cited by 3 publications

References 33 publications

Intra-skeletal vascular density in a bipedal hopping macropod with implications for analyses of rib histology

Intra-skeletal vascular density in a bipedal hopping macropod with implications for analyses of rib histology

Evolution of the patella and patelloid in marsupial mammals

Peer Review #2 of "Evolution of the patella and patelloid in marsupial mammals (v0.1)"

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