This paper adopts a deep learning approach to analyze and study the mechanism of quantitative enhancement of college students’ employment and entrepreneurial abilities in the context of the digital era. The deep learning connotation is predetermined as five abilities, which are metacognitive ability, active communication and cooperation ability, deep processing ability, creative practice ability, and learning empathy experience, and, based on this, the deep learning questionnaire is designed, and it is reclassified by exploratory factor analysis to reduce the dimensionality, and the specific indicators and scientific connotation dimensions of the deep learning questionnaire are determined; and, through the deep learning of each dimension, the problems of deep learning of college students are examined and in-depth analysis is conducted, and the inner relationship and correlation among the dimensions of deep learning of college students are derived through correlation analysis. The success of innovation and entrepreneurship depends on the innovation and entrepreneurial ability of college students, and the formation of the ability influenced various factors. Therefore, not only is studying the influencing factors of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship ability in line with the requirements of the times and social development, but also it can solve real problems. This thesis adopts a combination of two methods, qualitative research and quantitative research, to study the influencing factors of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship ability and tries to ensure the scientificity, accuracy, and comprehensiveness of the conclusion. In this paper, we analyzed the requirements of the employment prediction system for graduating secondary school students, carried out the software framework and database design of the employment analysis and prediction system for secondary school students, and designed the system modularly based on the analysis results. By applying the proposed deep feedforward neural network prediction model to the prediction system, a software system applicable to the employment prediction and guidance of secondary school students is implemented.