Towards a holistic approach to metrics for the 21st century pharmaceutical industry

McElroy, Con Robert; Constantinou, Andri; Jones, Leonie C.; Summerton, Louise; Clark, James H.

doi:10.1039/c5gc00340g

Cited by 382 publications

(410 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…[1][2][3] 2-MeTHF has been regarded as a very attractive solvent for organometallic reactions. [18] More importantly, inorganic bases are more soluble in 2-MeTHF than in THF, [17a,b] which leads to high efficiency in select organometallic processes. [18] More importantly, inorganic bases are more soluble in 2-MeTHF than in THF, [17a,b] which leads to high efficiency in select organometallic processes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

2‐Methyltetrahydrofuran (2‐MeTHF): A Green Solvent for Pd−NHC‐Catalyzed Amide and Ester Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling by N−C/O−C Cleavage

Lei

Ling

et al. 2019

Adv Synth Catal

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The palladium-NHC-catalyzed (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of amides and esters via highly chemoselective NÀ C(O) and OÀ C(O) cleavage with aryl boronic acids using green, sustainable and ecofriendly 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) is reported. A variety of amides and aryl esters were coupled with aryl boronic acids in high to excellent yields. This method employs commercially-available, air-and moisture-stable Pd(II) À NHC precatalysts. Crucially, the use of 2-MeTHF leads to the highest TON reported to date in amide NÀ C(O) bond cross-coupling. This operationally-simple protocol was utilized in the synthesis a bioactive ketone intermediate, emphasizing the potential of 2-MeTHF as a green solvent in unconventional amide bond disconnection. Given the tremendous importance of amide bond cross-coupling strategies and the drive to maintain full sustainability in crosscoupling processes, we expect that the synthetic method will be of broad interest.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

2‐Methyltetrahydrofuran (2‐MeTHF): A Green Solvent for Pd−NHC‐Catalyzed Amide and Ester Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling by N−C/O−C Cleavage

Lei

Ling

et al. 2019

Adv Synth Catal

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“…But, on the light of the 12 principles of green chemistry, in order to evaluate how green a procedure is, other metrics must be consider. To meet this objective we have used a new software tool called "CHEM21 Metrics Toolkit" [21]. 1 96 66 70 94 2 96 50 52 115 3 96 49 51 118 4 96 60 63 78 5 96 65 68 67 6 96 70 73 62 7 96 66 69 66 8 96 72 76 60 9 96 66 69 98 a Reaction work-up includes a chromatographic column which is not advisable in a sustainable process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Students could initially select the greenest synthesis by quantifying the environmental impact of all reagents, solvents and energy involved in each synthetic condition. To meet this objective, in the present article we have used a new software tool called "CHEM21 Metrics Toolkit" [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ugi Four-component Reaction (U-4CR) Under Green Conditions Designed for Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratories

Ingold¹,

Colella²,

Dapueto³

et al. 2017

WJCE

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Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are a green strategy in which a collection of molecules with a great diversity are generated with a minimum of synthetic effort, time and by-products formation. The Ugi Multi-component reaction is a chemical reaction in which an aldehyde, an amine, a carboxylic acid and an isocyanide react to form a α-bisamide. In this work, we use the Ugi reaction, as an example of MCRs, to approach organic chemistry undergraduate students to sustainable reactions. This reaction can be carried out under on-water or solvent-free conditions, both at room temperature as in combination with microwave irradiation or ultrasound. The advantages and limitations of the usage of Ugi reaction, under these conditions, in an organic chemistry laboratory course are discussed. In this context, we used different parameters to calculate how environmentally friendly the assayed conditions are. The Chemical Manufacturing Methods for the 21st Century Pharmaceutical Industries (CHEM21 project) were used with this objective. The present work could contribute to the teaching of ecofriendly synthetic strategies, demonstrating the scientific and academic benefits of green chemistry.

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“…15 Specifi cally, if an element is used within the reaction which is considered to be at risk of depletion within the next 5-50 years, then this is assigned a red fl ag -suggesting high criticality. 16 technology, 23 and numerous investigations into the relationship between technological innovation and economic cycles have led to the identifi cation of the following fi ve technological waves: Each new wave initiates with a major economic crisis and stagnation, which spurs from the exhaustion of an old dominant technological regime and leads to the emergence of a new paradigm (this was the case in the Panic of 1837, the Long Depression of 1873, the Great Depression triggered in 1929, and the oil crises of 1974 and 1980). Th is process has been referred to, in a later work of Schumpeter, 24 as the perennial gale of creative destruction: in this perspective lost jobs, ruined companies, and vanishing industries are inherent parts of the growth system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The times they are a‐changing: Making the transition toward a sustainable economy

Morone

2016

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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PerspectiveIndia, which, despite the holdback due to the world fi nancial crisis, are still growing at signifi cant rates of 6.9 and 7.3, respectively) 2 will experience increasing wealth. 3 Th e composition of the global population will therefore change signifi cantly. Over the next 15 years, the number of people considered to be part of the global middle class (i.e., those with incomes between $6000 and $30 000 in PPP terms) 4 is projected to nearly triple, increasing from 1.8 billion in 2009 to 4.9 billion by 2030 and the bulk of this growth will come from developing countries. To put this in perspective, by 2030 Asian countries will represent 66% of the global middle-class population compared to 28% in 2009. 5 If I had asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses.-Henry Ford Abstract: Signifi cant changes are ahead of us: most notably, the world's population is projected to increase by almost one billion people within the next decade and the global middle class is expected to nearly triple by 2030. These trends add pressure to the world economic system and environment: greenhouse gas emissions keep growing at global scale, materials and energy sources are fast approaching their physical limits, and the amount of waste produced under the current system seems to be reaching a new peak. Against this background, a transition from a society heavily based on mass consumption, uncontrolled waste generation, and heavy fossil-fuels exploitation toward one based on resource-effi ciency, new production and consumption behaviours, waste reduction, reuse, and valorization, seems a desirable and much-needed feat. This change involves a paradigm shift, which goes beyond technological change -it involves big societal and institutional changes as much as the development of radically new technologies and would give rise, in a long-term perspective, to the beginning of a new long wave of sustained (and sustainable) growth.

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Towards a holistic approach to metrics for the 21st century pharmaceutical industry

Abstract: A unified metrics toolkit has been developed to evaluate sustainability of reactions, encompassing a comprehensive and holistic range of criteria for measuring how green a reaction is, covering quantitative and qualitative criteria both upstream and downstream of the reaction itself.

Cited by 382 publications

References 38 publications

2‐Methyltetrahydrofuran (2‐MeTHF): A Green Solvent for Pd−NHC‐Catalyzed Amide and Ester Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling by N−C/O−C Cleavage

2‐Methyltetrahydrofuran (2‐MeTHF): A Green Solvent for Pd−NHC‐Catalyzed Amide and Ester Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling by N−C/O−C Cleavage

Ugi Four-component Reaction (U-4CR) Under Green Conditions Designed for Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratories

The times they are a‐changing: Making the transition toward a sustainable economy

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