“…A growing body of marketing research has pointed out that there is a significant gender difference in the product design preference (Gilal, Zhang, Gilal, & Gilal, 2018b), green consumer behavior (Gilal et al, 2019), motivational regulations (Gilal, Zhang, et al, 2020b), and nostalgic ads (Gilal, Zhang, et al, 2020c). This is a related study, but it does not examine whether the effect of consumer perception of CSR, brand attachment, and brand trust on brand passion is significantly different.…”