Towards a worldwide sustainable and simultaneous large-scale production of renewable energy and potable water through salinity gradient power by combining reversed electrodialysis and solar power?

Reverse electrodialysis with saline waters and concentrated brines: A laboratory investigation towards technology scale-up

“…Moreover, this choice can lead to the benefit of keeping a reduced stack resistance, even with realistically feasible compartment thicknesses, thus opening a large room for RED technology applications and process optimization [20][21][22][23]. This concept was demonstrated by theoretical analysis indicating how the use of brine and brackish water can have beneficial effects on the process performance, with optimal conditions dramatically depending on the stack size and geometry, solutions residence time and membrane features [24,25].…”

Practical Potential of Reverse Electrodialysis As Process for Sustainable Energy Generation

“…The theoretical resistance represents the absolute lower limit of the stack resistance for a specific type of membrane, based on pure solution and membrane properties, not including any other effects. The calculated value of the stack resistance for the 0.2 mm spacer (0.45 Ω) is approximately half of the value for the 0.5 mm spacer (0.93 Ω), which is mainly due to the higher resistance of the diluted compartment due to the thicker spacer (2,6,7). The diluted compartment resistance for the 0.2 mm spacer is 67% (0.30 Ω) of the total stack resistance while that value for the 0.5 mm spacer is 82% (0.76 Ω).…”

Flow and mass transfer in spacer-filled channels for reverse electrodialysis: a CFD parametrical study

“…The physical properties of the solution are [57][58][59]: density ρ¼1017 kg/m 3 , dynamic viscosity μ¼9.31 Á 10 À 4 Pa s, diffusivity of NaCl in water D ¼1.472 Á 10 À 9 m 2 /s. Seawater is usually employed as the concentrated solution (coupled with river water as the diluted one), but it can also be fed as the diluate coupled with brine, as proposed within the EU-FP7 funded REAPower project [60][61][62][63].…”