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The Ethical and Social Implications of Personalisation Technologies for eLearning
What are e-learning and personalisation?One of the major problems facing education in the online world is the sheer volume of information that users are faced with, some of it of variable quality. Finding information has never been easier, but finding appropriate information for the task at hand is often quite hard. Formal education aims to select out the most pertinent and reliable information, coaching the student to learn and then apply their own judgement and reasoning to information.For most of human history, formal education has been primarily provided by human teachers. The rise of computer technology however has seen many human functions moved across to computer software, at times with great success, such as with banking and online sales. Education is one function that has moved online, implemented in e-learning systems. An e-learning system is a system that supports mainly individual learning (but sometimes social learning) over the Internet, allowing access to local or remote organised learning material. The organisation of the learning material is done in view of a learning goal, generally established by a university curriculum or the training demands of a company.The great shift online has had many real benefits. It generates savings in human effort, with the greatest savings for repetitive and undemanding tasks. Also some tasks such as arithmetic, filing and retrieval, are performed better by software, being less error-prone and much faster. Indeed, its speed an enormous capacity makes possible some complex human functions that could not feasibly be performed in anything but software, for example encryption, chemical modelling and real-time calculation of spacecraft trajectories.As with many functions that have moved online, e-learning has had mixed success. It was partly motivated by the belief that it would save on human effort, although this assumes that the tasks involved in teaching are repetitive and mentally-undemanding. Whether it is better than the human equivalent is uncertain, and we discuss this in detail below. It does make possible or feasible some forms of learning such as teaching of enormous numbers of students, and access to the entire Internet of supporting materials.However the move online of learning has occurred in parallel with the reduction of human teachers. This can leave students feeling disenfranchised, like "num...