Towards digital photon counting cameras for single-molecule optical nanoscopy

Krishnaswami, Venkataraman; Noorden, C. J. F. Van; Manders, Erik M. M.; Hoebe, Ron A.

doi:10.1186/2192-2853-3-1

Cited by 29 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Each pixel is read out independently, enabling larger sensor sizes with a high speed FPGA to process readout. 21,22 The use of ultralow noise MOSFETs reduces the readout noise to values 17 as low as 2e -. This ensures fast integrated readout times, and since there is no additional amplification process, a near perfect noise factor F n ¼ 1 is achieved, allowing the sCMOS to be competitive at intermediate photon levels of 10-100 photons/px.…”

Section: Snrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single atom imaging with an sCMOS camera

Picken

Legaie

Pritchard

2017

Applied Physics Letters

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Single atom imaging requires discrimination of weak photon count events above background and has typically been performed using either EMCCD cameras, photomultiplier tubes or single photon counting modules. sCMOS provides a cost effective and highly scalable alternative to other single atom imaging technologies, offering fast readout and larger sensor dimensions. We demonstrate single atom resolved imaging of two siteaddressable optical traps separated by 10 µm using an sCMOS camera, offering a competitive signal-to-noise ratio at intermediate count rates to allow high fidelity readout discrimination (error < 10 −6 ) and sub-µm spatial resolution for applications in quantum technologies.

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Section: Snrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single atom imaging with an sCMOS camera

Picken

Legaie

Pritchard

2017

Applied Physics Letters

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“…advantage that every of the four sets of d measurements corresponds to a single interferogram, thus, using photon counting cameras [22] instead of a point-like single photon detection module (SPDM), d measurements can be recorded in only one acquisition, i.e. only 4 pictures are needed, in any dimension d, to determine the unknown state.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of any pure spatial qudits from a minimum number of measurements by phase-stepping interferometry

et al. 2017

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We present a proof-of-principle demonstration of a method to characterize any pure spatial qudit of arbitrary dimension d, which is based on the classic phase shift interferometry technique. In the proposed scheme a total of only 4d measurement outcomes are needed, implying a significant reduction with respect to the standard schemes for quantum state tomography which require of the order of d 2 . By using this technique, we have experimentally reconstructed a large number of states ranging from d = 2 up to 14 with mean fidelity values higher than 0.97. For that purpose the qudits were codified in the discretized transverse momentum-position of single photons, once they are sent through an aperture with d slits. We provide an experimental implementation of the method based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, which allows to reduce the number of measurement settings to 4 since the d slits can be measured simultaneously. Furthermore, it can be adapted to consider the reconstruction of the unknown state from the outcome frequencies of 4d − 3 fixed projectors independently of the encoding or the nature of the quantum system, allowing to implement the reconstruction method in a general experiment.

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“…In the presence of measurement noise, such as shot-noise (82)(83)(84)(85)(86), quantification noise (87)(88)(89), or other degrading effects common to detectors currently available, each measurement x n depends stochastically upon the signal that triggers the detector (33,90,91). Of course, the precise relationship depends on the detector employed in the experiment and differs between the various types of cameras, single photon detectors or other devices used.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalizing HMMs to Continuous Time for Fast Kinetics: Hidden Markov Jump Processes

Kilic

Sgouralis

Pressé

2020

Preprint

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The hidden Markov model (HMM) is a framework for time series analysis widely applied to single molecule experiments. It has traditionally been used to interpret signals generated by systems, such as single molecules, evolving in a discrete state space observed at discrete time levels dictated by the data acquisition rate. Within the HMM framework, originally developed for applications outside the Natural Sciences, such as speech recognition, transitions between states, such as molecular conformational states, are modeled as occurring at the end of each data acquisition period and are described using transition probabilities. Yet, while measurements are often performed at discrete time levels in the Natural Sciences, physical systems evolve in continuous time according to transition rates. It then follows that the modeling assumptions underlying the HMM are justified if the transition rates of a physical process from state to state are small as compared to the data acquisition rate. In other words, HMMs apply to slow kinetics. The problem is, as the transition rates are unknown in principle, it is unclear, a priori, whether the HMM applies to a particular system. For this reason, we must generalize HMMs for physical systems, such as single molecules, as these switch between discrete states in continuous time. We do so by exploiting recent mathematical tools developed in the context of inferring Markov jump processes and propose the hidden Markov jump process (HMJP). We explicitly show in what limit the HMJP reduces to the HMM. Resolving the discrete time discrepancy of the HMM has clear implications: we no longer need to assume that processes, such as molecular events, must occur on timescales slower than data acquisition and can learn transition rates even if these are on the same timescale or otherwise exceed data acquisition rates.

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Towards digital photon counting cameras for single-molecule optical nanoscopy

Cited by 29 publications

References 38 publications

Single atom imaging with an sCMOS camera

Single atom imaging with an sCMOS camera

Determination of any pure spatial qudits from a minimum number of measurements by phase-stepping interferometry

Generalizing HMMs to Continuous Time for Fast Kinetics: Hidden Markov Jump Processes

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