“…In this article, we compare relative spatial expressions used to describe real outdoor scenes with New Zealand English (NZE) and Brazilian Portuguese (BP), as two dialects of languages that are widely spoken globally, in order to advance understanding of the ways spatial language is used in the geographic environment, and its cross‐linguistic variations. The importance of spatial language understanding has been recognized in a wide range of studies into the nature of relative location descriptions in individual languages (Brown, 2008; Marcińczuk, Oleksy, & Wieczorek, 2016; Ragni, Tseden, & Knauff, 2007) and cross‐linguistically (Berthele, 2015; Feist, 2004; Grigoroglou & Papafragou, 2019; Majid, Jordan, & Dunn, 2015). Studies into spatial location descriptions in English are numerous, including studies of prepositions and the grammar, context, and frames of reference of spatial relation terms and the reference objects that they use (Shusterman & Li, 2016; Talmy, 1983; Tenbrink, 2017).…”