Towards targeted starch modification in plants

Chen, Jiawen; Hawkins, Erica; Seung, David

doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102013

Cited by 34 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Plant biotechnology breakthroughs have created a good prospect to increase the quality of starch in various crops. Starch is not only a common dietary carbohydrate [ 47 ] but also a low-cost, renewable raw resource utilised to make varieties of vital products, e.g., paper, textiles, medications, construction materials, and nutraceuticals [ 48 ]. Multiple aspects of starch can be changed through genetic manipulation, including morphological characteristics, crystallinity, gelation temperature, amylopectin and amylose ratio, and the number of phospholipids.…”

Section: Genetic/biotechnological Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Modifications and Strategies for Native Starch for Applications in Advanced Drug Delivery

Bhatt

Kumar

Goel

et al. 2022

BioMed Research International

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Pharmaceutical excipients are compounds or substances other than API which are added to a dosage form, these excipients basically act as carriers, binders, bulk forming agents, colorants, and flavouring agents, and few excipients are even used to enhance the activity of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and various more properties. However, despite of these properties, there are problems with the synthetic excipients such as the possibility of causing toxicity, inflammation, autoimmune responses, lack of intrinsic bioactivity and biocompatibility, expensive procedures for synthesis, and water solubility. However, starch as an excipient can overcome all these problems in one go. It is inexpensive, there is no toxicity or immune response, and it is biocompatible in nature. It is very less used as an excipient because of its high digestibility and swelling index, high glycemic index, paste clarity, film-forming property, crystalline properties, etc. All these properties of starch can be altered by a few modification processes such as physical modification, genetic modification, and chemical modification, which can be used to reduce its digestibility and glycemic index of starch, improve its film-forming properties, and increase its paste clarity. Changes in some of the molecular bonds which improve its properties such as binding, crystalline structure, and retrogradation make starch perfect to be used as a pharmaceutical excipient. This research work provides the structural modifications of native starch which can be applicable in advanced drug delivery. The major contributions of the paper are advances in the modification of native starch molecules such as physically, chemically, enzymatically, and genetically traditional crop modification to yield a novel molecule with significant potential for use in the pharmaceutical industry for targeted drug delivery systems.

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Section: Genetic/biotechnological Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Modifications and Strategies for Native Starch for Applications in Advanced Drug Delivery

Bhatt

Kumar

Goel

et al. 2022

BioMed Research International

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“…However, the process by which starch granules are initiated is poorly understood. Variation in this process could underlie the vast diversity in the number and morphology of granules between different species and organs ( Seung and Smith, 2019 ; Chen et al , 2021 ). For example, between organs, the transient starch granules in leaves differ in size, morphology, and abundance from storage starch granules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loss of PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH 2 has variable effects on starch synthesis across organs and species

Watson‐Lazowski

Raven

Feike

et al. 2022

Journal of Experimental Botany

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Recent work has identified several proteins involved in starch granule initiation, the first step of starch synthesis. However, the degree of conservation in the granule initiation process remains poorly understood, especially among grass species differing in patterns of carbohydrate turnover in leaves, and granule morphology in the endosperm. We therefore compared mutant phenotypes of Hordeum vulgare (barley), Triticum turgidum (durum wheat), and Brachypodium distachyon defective in PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH 2 (PTST2), a key granule initiation protein. We report striking differences across species and organs. Loss of PTST2 from leaves resulted in fewer, larger starch granules per chloroplast and normal starch content in wheat, fewer granules per chloroplast and lower starch content in barley, and almost complete loss of starch in Brachypodium. The loss of starch in Brachypodium leaves was accompanied by high levels of ADP-glucose and detrimental effects on growth and physiology. Additionally, we found that loss of PTST2 increased granule initiations in Brachypodium amyloplasts, resulting in abnormal compound granule formation throughout the seed. These findings suggest that the importance of PTST2 varies greatly with genetic and developmental background and inform the extent to which the gene can be targeted to improve starch in crops.

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“…Meanwhile, chemical processes (e.g., acid hydrolysis) have associated drawbacks to their use. The random attack at the branch point, the high glucose yield, and the difficulty of eliminating the excess acid are disadvantages of the acid hydrolysis of starch [ 99 ]. In addition, due to the presence of short-chain molecules formed by acid hydrolysis, Hung et al found that starch citrate has a decreased water capacity [ 100 ].…”

Section: Modification Of Starchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization of Starch to Biobased Materials: A Review

et al. 2022

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Many concerns are being expressed about the biodegradability, biocompatibility, and long-term viability of polymer-based substances. This prompted the quest for an alternative source of material that could be utilized for various purposes. Starch is widely used as a thickener, emulsifier, and binder in many food and non-food sectors, but research focuses on increasing its application beyond these areas. Due to its biodegradability, low cost, renewability, and abundance, starch is considered a “green path” raw material for generating porous substances such as aerogels, biofoams, and bioplastics, which have sparked an academic interest. Existing research has focused on strategies for developing biomaterials from organic polymers (e.g., cellulose), but there has been little research on its polysaccharide counterpart (starch). This review paper highlighted the structure of starch, the context of amylose and amylopectin, and the extraction and modification of starch with their processes and limitations. Moreover, this paper describes nanofillers, intelligent pH-sensitive films, biofoams, aerogels of various types, bioplastics, and their precursors, including drying and manufacturing. The perspectives reveal the great potential of starch-based biomaterials in food, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, and non-food applications.

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Towards targeted starch modification in plants

Cited by 34 publications

References 69 publications

Structural Modifications and Strategies for Native Starch for Applications in Advanced Drug Delivery

Structural Modifications and Strategies for Native Starch for Applications in Advanced Drug Delivery

Loss of PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH 2 has variable effects on starch synthesis across organs and species

Valorization of Starch to Biobased Materials: A Review

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