Towards the realization of regular clocking-based QCA circuits using genetic algorithm

Pramanik, Amit; Bhowmik, Dhrubajyoti; Pal, Jayanta; Sen, Pinaki; Saha, Apu Kumar; Sen, Bibhash

doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2021.107640

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Circuit parameter optimization can generally be categorized into stochastic methods and deterministic methods based on algorithmic strategies [2]. The stochastic methods, inspired by natural phenomena, such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) [3], simulated annealing (SA) [4], evolutionary algorithms (EA) [5], genetic algorithms (GA) [6], Bayesian optimization (BO) [7], and others, have shown promising results that benefit from random variance. In contrast, deterministic optimization methods seek the optimal solution for circuit parameters by computing specific mathematical functions and equations, without utilizing random methods throughout the entire process [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deterministic Multi-Objective Optimization of Analog Circuits

Xu,

Zhao,

Liu

2024

Electronics

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Stochastic optimization approaches benefit from random variance to produce a solution in a reasonable time frame that is good enough for solving the problem. Compared with them, deterministic optimization methods feature faster convergence rates and better reproducibility but may get stuck at a local optimum that is insufficient to solve the problem. In this paper, we propose a group-based deterministic optimization method, which can efficiently achieve comparable performance to heuristic optimization algorithms, such as particle swarm optimization. Moreover, the weighted sum method (WSM) is employed to further improve our deterministic optimization method to be multi-objective optimization, making it able to seek a balance among multiple conflicting circuit performance metrics. With a case study of three common analog circuits tested for our optimization methodology, the experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method can more efficiently reach a better estimation of the Pareto front compared to NSGA-II, a well-known multi-objective optimization approach.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deterministic Multi-Objective Optimization of Analog Circuits

Xu,

Zhao,

Liu

2024

Electronics

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“…According to Moore's law, the component density of integrated circuits doubles every two years, so scaling of transistors and the subsequent problems in circuit implementation are inevitable [1]- [8]. QCA, which implementation is by Lent et al in the 1990s, is a promising approach for future computing systems with optimal reliability and performance [2], [4], [9]. Data transfer in QCA cells is based on quantum effects and external electrostatic fields, and no current is transferred in QCA-based circuits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Quaternary QCA: Novel Majority and XOR Fuzzy Gates

2022

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As an emerging nanotechnology, quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) has been considered an alternative to CMOS technology that suffers from problems such as leakage current. Moreover, QCA is suitable for multi-valued logic due to the simplicity of implementing fuzzy logic in a way much easier than CMOS technology. This paper uses a quaternary cell with two isolated layers because of requiring three particles to design this quaternary cell. Moreover, due to the instability of the basic gates, the three particles cannot be placed in one layer. The first layer of the proposed two-layer cell includes a ternary cell and the second one includes a binary cell. It is assumed that the overall polarization of the quaternary QCA (QQCA) cell is determined as the combined polarization of the two layers. The proposed QQCA cell can also be implemented in one layer. Simulations of the QQCA cell are performed based on analytical calculations. Moreover, a majority fuzzy gate, an XOR fuzzy gate, and a crossbar structure are simulated.

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“…In the QCA, there is no current flow; hence, it only has intercellular interactions through Coulombic repulsion. In this technology, the basic gates have been created based on two important structures, such as three-input majority voters (MV3) [9] and inverters (INV), which are utilized in all complicated QCA digital logic. Primitive Boolean logic (AND/OR), which cannot be produced directly in QCA as it can in CMOS, must always be constructed using MV3 [6,7,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Ultra-Efficient Nano-Scale Arithmetic and Logic Unit Using a New Conservative Reversible Block and Quantum-Dots

Navimipour

Ahmadpour

Yalçın

2022

Preprint

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Reversible logic has attracted significant attention recently due to its inherent ability to decrease energy dissipation, which is the primary need of low-power digital circuits. One of the newest areas of study is reversible logic, which has applications in several areas, including nanotechnology, DNA computing, quantum computing, fault tolerance, and low-power CMOS. On the other hand, Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the stunning approaches that can be used as an alternative to traditional technologies. An Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) is considered for performing essential instructions such as addition, subtraction, division, multiplication, and logic operations, including OR, XOR, AND, and XNOR. In other words, ALUs perform essential functions in digital processing circuits because of their wide applications in Central Processing Units (CPUs). Accordingly, ALUs have become a necessary part of microprocessors and are extensively used to solve procedural problems more efficiently and reliably. Hence, this paper proposes an efficient ALU with low power and high speed. At first, a full adder and a 4:1 multiplexer circuit are developed using a unique reversible gate. At last, using all the suggested circuits, an ALU with four mathematical and logical operations is developed. Moreover, several physical validations are presented to confirm the functionality of the QCA gate. The simulations of the structures and power consumption analysis are performed using QCADesigner 2.0.03 and QCAPro software. The suggested ALU's consumption power under various energy ranges (0.5 Ek, 1 Ek, and 1.5 Ek) showed significant advancements from previous designs.

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Towards the realization of regular clocking-based QCA circuits using genetic algorithm

Cited by 10 publications

References 17 publications

Deterministic Multi-Objective Optimization of Analog Circuits

Deterministic Multi-Objective Optimization of Analog Circuits

Toward Quaternary QCA: Novel Majority and XOR Fuzzy Gates

An Ultra-Efficient Nano-Scale Arithmetic and Logic Unit Using a New Conservative Reversible Block and Quantum-Dots

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