Towards Traffic Identification and Modeling for 5G Application Use-Cases

Abstract

To analyze next-generation mobile networks properly, there is a need to define key performance indicators (KPIs). Testing signaling only or just partial domains of the network have been replaced with end-to-end testing methodologies. With the appearing of machine-to-machine (M2M) applications, this question became even harder, since there is no direct user feedback. Quality of experience cannot be measured accurately in M2M applications, even if the network operates correctly and without failures. There are dozens of new—but theoretical—use-cases for 5G; however, these are not tested on a live network. The modeling methodology used throughout the paper follows the steps of observation, analysis, model creation, implementation, and verification. The first part of the paper examines the three application-types: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), critical Internet of Things (cIoT), and mass Internet of Things (mIoT). Afterwards, we introduce the main traffic characteristics based on current mobile networks’ traffic patterns and measurements. Considering the measurement results, we introduce a methodology and define traffic models for the simulation of different application-types. To validate these models, we compare the generated artificial traffic with real traffic patterns. In the second part of the paper, we examine what the main effects of these traffic patterns on a domestic 5G test-network are. Finally, we suggest some considerations on the possible main impacts regarding 5G network design.

Motorway Measurement Campaign to Support R&D Activities in the Field of Automated Driving Technologies

“…Based on our previous works in [ 44 ], we identified measurement scenarios with different PL and IAT parameters. Besides, one reference scenario was measured with constant parameters.…”

5G-Enabled Autonomous Driving Demonstration with a V2X Scenario-in-the-Loop Approach

“…As descibed, this is a Non-Standalone 5G architecture, which uses the LTE EPC, and LTE eNB for uplink radio communications. In order to present a reference comparison, we have carried out similar measurements on earlier 4G [ 23 ]—and those results also apply here, since we used the exact same 5G environment. The aggregated results ( Table 3 ) show that, for peak rates, the 5G scenario performs much better than 4G.…”

“…For comparisons, one reference scenario was also measured with constant parameters. The examined state-space scenarios are as follows: Based on preliminary measurements [23], we found that the maximum MTU size on the network is 1450 Byte without segmentation. Still, as measurement scenario 2 and 3 suggests, we also used packets with PLs that were greater than 1450 Byte to characterize this kind of network behavior.…”

“…While V2X and 5G standardization are still ongoing, early adaptations of the technology set are already available and deployed (i.e., 5G NSA). While real-life, application-related 5G measurement results start to appear, different fields, such as IoT [ 23 ] or healthcare [ 24 ], comprehensive reports of the current state-of-the-art “on the road” (i.e., 5G-capable automated vehicles on motorways) are still missing. The authors of [ 25 ] describe a 5G V2X testbed already as early as in 2016, when 5G standardization was in the requirement study phase at 3GPP; and, indeed, the paper merely discusses radio-subsystem details and capabilities.…”

“…Based on our previous works shown in [ 23 ], we identified three measurement scenarios with different PL and IAT parameters. For comparisons, one reference scenario was also measured with constant parameters.…”