Towards Understanding the Raman Spectrum of Graphene Oxide: The Effect of the Chemical Composition

Abstract

Raman spectroscopy is a technique widely used to detect defects in semiconductors because it provides information of structural or chemical defects produced in its structure. In the case of graphene monolayer, the Raman spectrum presents two bands centered at 1582 cm−1 (G band) and 2700 cm−1 (2D band). However, when the periodic lattice of graphene is broken by different types of defects, new bands appear. This is the situation for the Raman spectrum of graphene oxide. It is well established that the existence of these bands, the position and the intensity or width of peaks can provide information about the origin of defects. However, in the case of the graphene oxide spectrum, we can find in the literature several discrepant results, probably due to differences in chemical composition and the type of defects of the graphene oxide used in these studies. Besides, theoretical calculations proved that the shape of bands, intensity and width, and the position of graphene oxide Raman spectrum depend on the atomic configuration. In the current work, we will summarize our current understanding of the effect of the chemical composition on the Raman spectrum of graphene oxide. Finally, we apply all this information to analyze the evolution of the structure of graphene oxide during the thermal annealing of the heterostructures formed by graphene oxide sandwiches in a hexagonal boron nitride.

Improving pitting corrosion resistance of the commercial titanium through graphene oxide-titanium oxide composite

“…In order to ensure the successful preparation of GO Raman spectroscopy was used. It is clear from Figures 2 and 3 that GO was successfully produced as the ratio of I D /I G coincide with the literature [ 33 , 38 ]. In Figure 2 , graphite has a small D peak at 1349 cm −1 , G peak at 1580 cm −1 , G∗ peak at 2452 cm −1 and 2D peak at 2716 cm −1 .…”

“…The quality of exfoliated graphene is strongly affected by the potential applied and the electrolyte type employed. The presence of defect or structural damage aids the electron transfer with redox molecules which is useful for electrode materials [31][32][33]. GO is usually used as additive/filler with hydrophilic materials to reduce the migration and adsorption of corrosive media and improve wear resistance.…”

Quaternary Oxidized Carbon Nanohorns—Based Nanohybrid as Sensing Coating for Room Temperature Resistive Humidity Monitoring

“…The displacement of the Raman peak positions of the carbonaceous material is the most spectacular result in Figure 7. Besides, it is well known from the literature that there are significant differences between the scattering maxima of graphene oxide reported by different authors [82,83]. This spectrum's specific features can be explained by the presence of chemical interaction (stacking interactions and hydrogen bond between GO and CNHox) and the high density of defects in GO, as revealed in the previous XRD analysis performed on the different GO material.…”

Extruded PLA Nanocomposites Modified by Graphene Oxide and Ionic Liquid

“…The anion shows two characteristic peaks at 471 and 743 cm −1 , and the cation presents the stretching of groups CH 3 at 1462 and 2984 cm −1 . We also observed an additional peak at 307 cm −1 assigned to CH 3 –N–CH which was not seen by means of FT-IR [ 60 ]. In the case of graphene oxide (see Figure 3 c), we found the 2D band at 2690 cm −1 , and D and G bands at 1350 and 1585 cm −1 , respectively [ 61 ].…”