Toxic Air Contaminants in Porto Alegre, Brazil

Grosjean, Eric; Rasmussen, R. A.; Grosjean, Daniel

doi:10.1021/es980578x

Cited by 49 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…In other words, 26 and 24 listed compounds were not detected at CW and TW, respectively. A similar study conducted in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 1997 by Grosjean et al [11] has reported the absence (!0.10 ppbv) of 20 compounds, viz Freon 114, chloroethene, bromomethane, chloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethene, Freon 113, 1,1-dichloroethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, cis-1,3-dichloropropene, trans-1,3-dichloropropene, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,2-dibromoethane, chlorobenzene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, m-dichlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and hexachlorobutadiene in urban locations. These 20 compounds were also not detected at the two urban sites in Hong Kong.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Monitoring of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds at Two Urban Sites in Hong Kong from 1997 to 1998

Sin¹,

Wong²,

Louie³

2000

Indoor Built Environ

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air were measured at two urban sites (Central & Western and Tsuen Wan) in Hong Kong. Twenty-four-hour whole air samples were collected into Summa passivated stainless steel canisters approximately every 7 days at the two sites from July 1997 to June 1998. A gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique was employed for the analysis of 42 targeted VOCs as listed in the USEPA Method TO-14. At the method sensitivity of 0.10–0.20 ppbv, 16 and 18 listed compounds were detected at Central & Western and Tsuen Wan, respectively. BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) and some halohydrocarbons including trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11), dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12), methylene chloride and trichloroethene were the predominant VOCs found in over 75% of the ambient samples collected at the two sites. Styrene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene were intermittently found in a few samples at the Tsuen Wan site only. Four other compounds (chloromethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethene, and 4-ethyltoluene) were quantified in less than half of the total samples. The annual average concentration of the measurable VOCs was well within the range of 0.20–5.0 ppbv and was comparable to other major American and European cities. However, individual measurements of toluene concentration occasionally exceeded 20 ppbv. Good correlations (r = 0.65–0.98) were found to exist between individual members of BTEX; correlation between BTEX and the halohydrocarbons could not be established. This indicates that ambient BTEX in the two sites should come from the same origin. In addition, the ambient concentrations of BTEX found at the two Hong Kong sites were comparable to other urban cities and showed significant seasonal variation, while the halohydrocarbons did not. The ambient concentrations of BTEX tended to peak in the relatively dry winter months in Hong Kong. The ratio of toluene/benzene was relatively higher than the range of values reported in the literature for some American and European cities, but was in line with the findings reported for two South East Asian cities. The present work is the first of its kind describing the systematic setting up of a monitoring network for measuring ambient VOCs distribution and will act as a foundation for the establishment of a database of ambient VOCs in the region for future environmental management and planning activities.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Monitoring of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds at Two Urban Sites in Hong Kong from 1997 to 1998

Sin¹,

Wong²,

Louie³

2000

Indoor Built Environ

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“…According to the hypothesis of Grosjean et al [20], the generation of SOA only occurs in the daytime (08:00-17:00). The FVOCr and FAC in Equations (2) and (3) were from a smog chamber experiment [20][21][22].…”

Section: Calculation Of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This indicated that the ambient air was mainly impacted by fresh emission sources in winter and by distant sources in spring, summer and autumn. Different VOCs species have different photochemical reactivity and the photochemical age can be judged by their ratios [18,22,49,50]. Different types of VOCs in ambient air have varying chemical activities, and photochemical age of an air mass can be estimated using the ratio of VOCs.…”

Section: Ozone Formation Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds in a Typical Urban Area of Beijing: Pollution Characterization, Health Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment

Zhang

et al. 2017

Atmosphere

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Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measurement was carried out using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) technique (Airmo VOCs online analyzer) in a typical urban area in Beijing from April 2014 to January 2015. Ambient levels, variation characteristics and influential factors contributing to the formation of near-ground-ozone and secondary organic aerosols as well as health risk assessment of VOCs were analyzed. Based on these analyses, the important VOC species that should be given more attention for pollution control were identified and the source apportionment of VOCs was made. Suggestions for VOCs pollution control countermeasures were put forward. The annual average concentration of 84 VOCs was 119 µg·m −3 and the hourly mean concentration was 9.11-567 µg·m −3 . Ambient level of VOCs in Beijing has been alleviated in recent years, but is still severe compared to some other cities. VOCs with the largest proportion were alkanes in spring and halogenated hydrocarbons in summer, autumn and winter. The variation of 84 VOCs concentrations was consistent with that of the ambient air quality index, indicating that VOCs had a strong influence on ambient air quality. Influenced by the concentration and activity of VOCs, the largest contribution to ozone formation potential and secondary organic aerosol formation potential came from alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively. Five VOCs species such as benzene pose carcinogenic risk to exposed populations. Contrary to some previous studies, benzene was found to have potential cancer risk in some urban areas in China. The main sources of VOCs in the study area were vehicle exhaust, solvent usage, and industrial processes. In order to improve air quality in Beijing and reduce the infection rate of air pollutant related diseases, it is necessary to strengthen the control the emission of VOCs from those three sources.

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“…7 Values obtained in this work are in the same range than those previously obtained in Rio de Janeiro and others Brazilian cities later than 1997, when catalytic converters were currently being used. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] A direct comparison of these values is not possible, once the analytical methods of sampling and analysis were different. Also the technological level of engines, fuels, state law restrictions, fleet composition and vehicular flux are different for each city.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A two-year monitoring program of aromatic hydrocarbons in Rio de Janeiro downtown area

Corrêa

Arbilla

2007

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno, m+p+o-xileno (BTEX) e dois trimetilbenzenos (BTEXT) foram monitorados no centro da cidade do Rio de Janeiro durante os anos de 2004 e 2005. Alguns poluentes legislados e parâmetros meteorológicos também foram monitorados, objetivando-se a análise da correlação entre esses dados. 94 amostras foram coletadas, usando cartuchos de carvão ativo, entre 9:00 e 15:00 h. Os valores médios de concentração obtidos foram: 14,5; 22,8; 9,19; 19,3; 8,5; 10,4 e 12,1 μg m -3 para benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno, m+p-xileno, o-xileno, 1,2,3-trimetilbenzeno e 1,3,5-trimetilbenzeno, respectivamente. Esses valores são similares às concentrações médias obtidas em outras cidades brasileiras, tais como, Porto Alegre, Volta Redonda e São Paulo, que usam o mesmo tipo de combustível. A análise multivariada mostrou que os BTEXT individuais são emitidos pelas mesmas fontes e não se correlacionam bem com os demais poluentes primários. Esses resultados podem ser atribuídos à contribuição das emissões evaporativas dos BTEXT e à formação de compostos orgânicos voláteis secundários na atmosfera.Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m+p+o-xylene (BTEX) and two trimethylbenzenes (BTEXT) were monitored in Rio de Janeiro downtown area during 2004 and 2005. Some criteria pollutants and meteorological parameters were also determined in order to assess the main data correlations. 94 samples were collected, using activated charcoal cartridges, between 9:00 am and 3:00 pm. The mean concentrations obtained were: 14. 5, 22.8, 9.19, 19.3, 8.5, 10.4 and 12.1 μg m -3 for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m+p-xylene, o-xylene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, respectively. These values are similar to mean concentrations obtained in the Brazilian cities of Porto Alegre, Volta Redonda and São Paulo, which use the same type of fuel. Multivariate analyses showed that individual BTEXT are emitted by the same source and are not well correlated with other primary pollutants. These results may be due to the contribution of evaporative losses of the BTEXT and to the formation of secondary volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. Keywords: air pollution monitoring, hydrocarbons emision, BTEX, Rio de Janeiro IntroductionMonoaromatic hydrocarbons are present in a considerable fraction of fossil fuels as gasoline and diesel. They can be emitted to the urban atmosphere either by volatilization or by incomplete combustion. Among these compounds, benzene has a direct impact on human health as a consequence of its carcinogenic and mutagenic properties.1 They are found mainly in the gaseous phase and have a considerable influence in the tropospheric chemistry, mainly in the formation of photochemical oxidants, as ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate and in a minor extent, in the reaction with ozone. Among the aromatic compounds, benzene is the most harmful pollutant and it is responsible for myeloid leukemia. A World Health Organization (WHO) study 1 estimated that for an exposure to urban concentrations of 1.7 μg m -3 , 10 cases of leukemi...

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Toxic Air Contaminants in Porto Alegre, Brazil

Cited by 49 publications

References 61 publications

Monitoring of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds at Two Urban Sites in Hong Kong from 1997 to 1998

Monitoring of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds at Two Urban Sites in Hong Kong from 1997 to 1998

Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds in a Typical Urban Area of Beijing: Pollution Characterization, Health Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment

A two-year monitoring program of aromatic hydrocarbons in Rio de Janeiro downtown area

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