Toxic and Accumulative Potential of the Antifouling Biocide and TBT Successor Irgarol on Freshwater Macrophytes: A Pond Mesocosm Study

Mohr, Silvia; Berghahn, Rüdiger; Mailahn, Wolfgang; Schmiediche, Ronny; Feibicke, Michael; Schmidt, R.

doi:10.1021/es900595u

Cited by 32 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Most biocides are, however, harmful to the submarine world . The usage of the biocide Irgarol (Cybutryn) was prohibited 2016 in the course of the biozid‐directive 98/8/EC and the European implementing decision 2016/107 because its degradation products showed an increased persistence and toxicity compared to the starting compound . The re‐evaluation of biocides is based on the impact assessment of the review of priority substances under directive 2000/60/EC and will affect all biocides on the market…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Enzyme Mimics for Oxidative Halogenation Reactions that Combat Biofilm Formation

et al. 2018

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Transition-metal oxide nanoparticles and molecular coordination compounds are highlighted as functional mimics of halogenating enzymes. These enzymes are involved in halometabolite biosynthesis. Their activity is based upon the formation of hypohalous acids from halides and hydrogen peroxide or oxygen, which form bioactive secondary metabolites of microbial origin with strong antibacterial and antifungal activities in follow-up reactions. Therefore, enzyme mimics and halogenating enzymes may be valuable tools to combat biofilm formation. Here, halogenating enzyme models are briefly described, enzyme mimics are classified according to their catalytic functions, and current knowledge about the settlement chemistry and adhesion of fouling organisms is summarized. Enzyme mimics with the highest potential are showcased. They may find application in antifouling coatings, indoor and outdoor paints, polymer membranes for water desalination, or in aquacultures, but also on surfaces for food packaging, door handles, hand rails, push buttons, keyboards, and other elements made of plastic where biofilms are present. The use of natural compounds, formed in situ with nontoxic and abundant metal oxide enzyme mimics, represents a novel and efficient "green" strategy to emulate and utilize a natural defense system for preventing bacterial colonization and biofilm growth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Enzyme Mimics for Oxidative Halogenation Reactions that Combat Biofilm Formation

et al. 2018

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“…Their presence in the natural environment can affect fauna and flora even at low concentrations (Chè vre et al, 2006;Mohr et al, 2009;Wittmer et al, 2011a). Agriculture has traditionally been the main source of environmental contamination by pesticides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling city-scale facade leaching of biocide by rainfall

et al. 2012

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t r a c tA methodology is presented for estimating, at the city scale, the amount of biocide released from facades during rain events. The methodology consists of two elements. First, leaching of a single facade is simulated using a two-region model, one region for the biocide in the facade and the other for that in the flow over the facade surface. In the latter region, water advection moves the biocide to the base of the facade, and so into the environment. Rates of detachment and deposition define the exchange process between the two regions. The two-region model was calibrated on laboratory data, and afterward applied at city scale to Lausanne, Switzerland (200,000 inhabitants). The city-scale application uses the second element of the methodology, which consists of an estimate of the exposure of the city's facades to rainfall, and relating that rainfall to the over-facade flow in the calibrated singlefacade model. This results in a straightforward translation of over-facade flow volume to facade paint age, a necessary connection since facade leaching is dependent on paint age.For Lausanne, it was estimated that approximately 30% of the mass of biocides applied annually is released into the environment.ª 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. IntroductionBiocides are substances designed to destroy, repulse or make harmless adverse organisms via a chemical or biological reaction, as described, for example, in the European Parliament Directive 98/8/CE (E. U., 1998). Their presence in the natural environment can affect fauna and flora even at low concentrations (Chè vre et al., 2006;Mohr et al., 2009;Wittmer et al., 2011a). Agriculture has traditionally been the main source of environmental contamination by pesticides. However, recent studies have demonstrated that the same compounds in urban environment, which have multiple and complex origins (Wittmer and Burkhardt, 2009), should be considered also (Schoknecht et al., 2003;Wittmer et al., 2010). These substances, when present in the urban environment, are usually named biocides. Biocides contained in exterior building paints are often considered as a major contamination source (Burkhardt et al., 2011). Indeed, fungicides and algaecide are frequently used in resin-based paints and renders to prevent the growth of organisms that would otherwise colonize facades under moist conditions (Shirakawa et al., 2002). These products are widespread, accounting for more than 95% of the insulated facade market (Burkhardt et al., 2011).Surfaces treated with biocides and exposed to rainfall can potentially be leached and thereby release biocides into the environment. The main physico-chemical factors controlling facade leaching are dissolution, complexation, sorption, diffusion, percolation and surface wash-off (Hall, 1977; Van der Sloot et al., 2008). For a given substance, leaching rates are influenced by pH, type of reactive surface in contact with it, and water phase composition (Appelo and Postma, 2005).Detailed mechanistic models of these processes for building facad...

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“…However, previous studies have shown the toxicity of these compounds [61,[65][66][67][68] against different types of marine organisms, resulting in a need to completely eliminate the use of toxic biocides. Irgarol as one of the most commonly used biocides after the ban of TBT compound, was found to be highly toxic against the freshwater macrophytes due to its bioaccumulative potential in the macrophytes [65]. Diuron was discovered to be slightly toxic against mammals and moderately toxic against the aquatic invertebrates.…”

Section: Report Outlinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This had increased the demand for environmental friendly and nontoxic antifouling coating and compounds. Besides organotin compounds, several other biocides including copper-based, zinc-based and silver atoms have negative impact on the environment and need to be replaced by new environmental friendly antifouling coatings or technologies [61,63,65,67,68].…”

Section: Natural Alternativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to previous research, superhydrophobic coatings minimize the wetting area of the surface through the presence of an air film constructed through the hierarchical micro-and nanostructures, and the treatment of low surface energy materials [86]. Additionally, these coatings show no detrimental side effects, eliminating the use of common toxic antifouling agents such as Diuron, DCOIT and Irgarol [61,63,65,67,68]. To transfer the principle of superhydrophobicity into the use of biofouling prevention, two different steps were proposed [87].…”

Section: Surface Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microcapsules-based multifunctional coatings for anticorrosion and antibacterial applications

Chong¹

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First and foremost, I would like to express my most sincere gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. Yue Chee Yoon and my ex-supervisor, Prof. Yang Jinglei for their guidance, encouragement and patience in leading me through my studies in NTU. Their unselfish sharing of knowledge and guidance has played a significant role in achieving my current stage of research work and guiding me to the completion of this PhD thesis. Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge Nanyang Technological University for the financial support and the research scholarship of this project.

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Toxic and Accumulative Potential of the Antifouling Biocide and TBT Successor Irgarol on Freshwater Macrophytes: A Pond Mesocosm Study

Cited by 32 publications

References 31 publications

Functional Enzyme Mimics for Oxidative Halogenation Reactions that Combat Biofilm Formation

Functional Enzyme Mimics for Oxidative Halogenation Reactions that Combat Biofilm Formation

Modelling city-scale facade leaching of biocide by rainfall

Microcapsules-based multifunctional coatings for anticorrosion and antibacterial applications

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